Phylogenetic yawan dawakai - "icon" na tsarin juyin halitta

Daya daga cikin mafi kyau da aka sani, kuma mafi karatu na m shaida ga juyin halitta ne yawan zamani phylogenetic odnopalyh ungulates. Mahara akan burbushin halitta Finds da kuma gano tsaka-tsakin yanayi samar da wani hujjojin kimiyya tushe na wannan jerin. Aka bayyana Rasha halitta Vladimirom Onufrievichem Kovalevskim a 1873 phylogenetic jerin doki kuma a yau ne "icon" juyin binciken burbushin halittu.

A ci gaba da ta ƙarni

A phylogenetic juyin halitta daga cikin jerin - shi ne, m tsaka-tsakin yanayi da zai kai ga samuwar na zamani nau'in. By da yawan raka'a daga cikin jerin iya zama cikakken ko m, amma da samuwar m tsaka-tsakin yanayi ne kafin sifantãwarsu.

Phylogenetic yawan dawakai kira da shaida juyin halitta ne saboda gaban irin wannan jerin siffofin, ya maye gurbin juna. Jam'i na bincike akan burbushin halitta binciken ba shi da wani babban mataki na yaƙĩni.

Misalai phylogenetic jerin

A yawan dawakai ne ba kawai daga cikin misalai da aka bayyana. To karatu, kuma yana da babban mataki na AMINCI phylogenetic yawan Whales da tsuntsãye. A rigima a cikin kimiyya al'umma da kuma mafi yadu amfani da daban-daban populist phylogenetic insinuations ne mai yawan zamani chimpanzee da mutane. Rigingimu a kan m nan shamaki ba su hanu ba a cikin kimiyya al'umma. Amma komai nawa wuraren view, ya zauna da undisputed darajar da phylogenetic jerin matsayin shaida na juyin adaptability kwayoyin to canza muhalli da yanayi.

Communication juyin halitta da dawakai da yanayi

Mahara karatu sun tabbatar da ka'idar masana binciken burbushin halittu O. V. Kovalevskogo dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin canje-canje a cikin kwarangwal na magabatan dawakai da muhalli canje-canje. Da sauyin yanayi ya kai ga wani karu a cikin gandun daji, da kuma cikin magabatan na zamani odnopalyh hoofed dabbobi saba da rayuwa a cikin matakan. Bukatar for m motsi tsokani tsarin gyare-gyare da kuma yawan yatsunsu a cikin extremities, canje-canje a cikin kwarangwal da kuma hakora.

A farko mahada a cikin sarkar

A farkon Eocene, na farko zamani doki prapredok rayu a kan miliyan 65 da suka wuce. Wannan "low doki" ko Eohippus, wanda ya da girman da kare (30 cm), ya dogara ne a kan dukan kafa reshe, wanda ya hudu (gaba) da uku (mayar da) yatsa tare da kananan hooves. Na ci eogippus harbe da kuma ganye, kuma yana da wata lumpy hakora. Dun canza launi da kuma sparse gashi a kan wani m wutsiya - wannan shi ne wani m m da dawakai da zebras a duniya.

tsaka-tsakin

Game da miliyan 25 da suka wuce, sauyin yanayi na duniya, da kuma matakan fara zo gandun daji canji. A Miocene (miliyan 20 da suka wuce) akwai mesohippus da parahippus riga mafi kama da zamani dawakai. A farko herbivorous m a cikin phylogenetic jerin aka dauke su a doki da merikgippusa pliogippusa cewa tafi cikin fage na rayuwa shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce. Hipparion - karshe mahada na uku-toed

Wannan m rayu a cikin Miocene da Pliocene a filayen North America, Asia da Afrika. Wannan tridactyl doki kamã da barewa, ya ba da wani kofato, amma ba zan iya gudu da sauri, ka ci ciyawa da kuma cewa shi ya dauka wata babbar ƙasa.

Odnopalaya doki - pliogippus

Wadannan odnopalye wakilan bayyana miliyan 5 da suka wuce a cikin wannan yankuna kamar yadda hipparions. Muhalli yanayi da ake canza - zama drier, steppe da muhimmanci girma. Ga kuma aka odnopalost mafi muhimmanci alama rayuwa. Wadannan dawakai sun kasance a tsawo da kuma 1.2 mita a kafada, ya 19 nau'i-nau'i daga hakarkarinsa da kuma karfi tsokoki na kafafu. A hakora sun zama dogon rawanin da enamel folds na ciminti Layer.

The saba doki

Modern doki a matsayin karshe mataki a cikin phylogenetic jerin bayyana a cikin marigayi Neogene, kuma a karshen na karshe kankara shekaru (game da shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce) a Turai da kuma Asiya ne riga miliyoyin daji dawakai kuje. Duk da yake kokarin m dayansu da rage makiyaya sanya wani daji doki rarity riga 4000 da suka wuce. Amma biyu daga ta subspecies - da tarpan a Rasha da kuma Przewalski ta doki a Mongolia - sun iya rike fita yawa fiye da wani sauran.

daji dawakai

Yau, wadannan daji dawakai ne kusan tafi. Rasha da aka dauke su dadaddun Tarpan da Przewalski ta doki a cikin daji ba ya faruwa. Garkunan dawakai cewa kuje kyauta, - wani feral kiwo a gida nau'i. Irin wannan dawakai ko kuma da sauri koma zuwa cikin daji rai, amma har yanzu daban-daban daga gaskiya daji dawakai.

Suna da dogon manes da wutsiyoyi, kuma su ne unsuited. Exceptionally buckskin doki da Przewalski daji dawakai sun myshastye kamar yadda idan cropped bangs, manes kuma wutsiyoyi.

Tsakiya da kuma Arewacin Amirka, daji dawakai da aka gaba daya shafe Indiyawan kuma ya bayyana a can ne kawai bayan zuwa na Turawa a XV karni. Feral zuriyar dawakai conquistadors ba Yunƙurin zuwa yawa Garkunan Mustangs, da yawan abin da aka sarrafawa da harbi a yau.

Bayan mustangs a North America akwai nau'i biyu daga daji tsibirin ponies - a kan tsibirin na Assateague da Sable. Semi-daji na shanu da dawakai camargue samu a kudancin Faransa. A da duwãtsu, kuma swamps na UK, kuma, za a iya samun wasu daji ponies.

Favorite mu dawakai

Man hõre da doki da kuma kawo ta fiye da 300 breeds. Daga matakin matsakaicin nauyi zuwa dada ponies da kyau tseren breeds. game da 50 breeds da dawakai bred a Rasha. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu - da Orlov Trotter. Musamman farin launi, kyau kwarai trot da kalmomin sirri - wadannan halaye suna yi sha'awar Count Orlov, wanda yana dauke da kafa wannan irin.