Polarized da kuma halitta haske. polarized haske sabanin halitta

Sai taguwar ruwa ta ne daga iri biyu. A tsaye vibrational perturbation layi daya to su shugabanci na yaduwa. An misali ne da nassi na sauti a cikin iska. Mai gangara tãguwar ruwa kunshi disturbances da suke a wani kwana na 90 ° ga shugabanci na motsi. Alal misali, kalaman wucewa horizontally ta hanyar da taro na ruwa ya haddasa tsaye vibrations a bãyan tẽkun.

Gano

A yawan m Tantancewar effects lura a tsakiyar XVII karni, da aka bayyana, a lokacin da polarized da kuma halitta haske fara da za a daukarsa a matsayin kalaman sabon abu da kuma shugabanci na ta vibrations aka gano. A farko da ake kira rabuwa sakamako da aka gano ta Danish likita Erasmus Bartholin a 1669. Kimiyya lura biyu refraction ko birefringence a Iceland spar ko alli (crystal nau'i na alli carbonate). Lokacin da haske ya wuce ta wata calcite crystal tsãgewar ƙwãyar shi, samar da biyu images an canja zumunta da juna.

Newton sani game da wannan sabon abu da kuma nuna cewa watakila haske corpuscles da jeri na bangaren ko "daya mai gefe", cewa zai iya zama dalilin samuwar biyu images. Huygens, wani zamani na Newton ya iya don ya bayyana ka'idar biyu refraction na na farko tãguwar ruwa, amma bai gane gaskiya ma'anar sakamako. Birefringence zauna wani asiri har sai Thomas Young da kuma Faransa likita Augustin-Zhan Frenel ba da shawarar cewa haske tãguwar ruwa ne mai gangara. A sauki ra'ayin da ya yarda ya bayyana abin da polarized da na halitta haske. Wannan bayar da wata halitta da uncomplicated tsarin nazarin rabuwa effects.

A birefringence ne ya sa ta hade da biyu orthogonal polarizations, kowanne daga abin yana da nasa kalaman gudu. Saboda bambanci a gudun da biyu aka gyara da daban-daban Refractive fihirisa, sabili da haka suna daban refracted ta hanyar littattafai, samar da biyu images.

Polarized da kuma halitta haske: Maxwell ka'idar

Fresnel sauri ɓullo da wani m model na mai gangara tãguwar ruwa, wanda ya kai ga birefringence da kuma da dama sauran Tantancewar effects. Shekara arba'in baya, da electromagnetic Maxwell ka'idar elegantly bayyana gangara yanayin haske.

Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa Maxwell hada da halin maganaɗisu da lantarki filayen perpendicular zuwa shugabanci na oscillating motsi. A filayen ne a wani kwana na 90 ° zuwa juna. A wannan yanayin da shugabanci na yaduwa daga cikin Magnetic da lantarki filayen samar da wata dama ba daidaita tsarin. Ga kalaman da mita f kuma tsawon λ (da suka ba da labari dogara λf = c), wanda motsa a cikin m x shugabanci, da filayen da aka bayyana shifran:

• E (x, t) = E ₀ cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) y ^.
• B (x, t) = B ₀ cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) z ^.

A lissafai nuna cewa wutar lantarki da kuma Magnetic filayen ne a lokaci tare da juna. A wani lokaci, su lokaci guda isa su matsakaicin dabi'u a cikin wani sarari daidai E ₀ kuma B _0. Wadannan amplitudes ba m. Maxwell ta lissafai bayyana cewa E ₀ = CB ₀ ga duk electromagnetic taguwar ruwa a vacuo.

da rabuwa shugabanci

A cikin bayanin da fuskantarwa da Magnetic da lantarki filayen haske tãguwar ruwa ne yawanci kawai nuna shugabanci na lantarki filin. A halin maganaɗisu filin vector ne m da ake bukata na perpendicularity filayen da su perpendicularity ga shugabanci na motsi. Halitta da linearly polarized haske ne halin a cewa, a cikin shekaru filin oscillate a gyarawa kwatance a matsayin motsi na kalaman.

Akwai sauran yiwu rabuwa jihohi. A cikin hali na madauwari vectors na Magnetic da lantarki filayen ne juya dangi da yaduwa shugabanci a m amplitude. Elliptically polarized haske ne a cikin wani tsaka-tsaki matsayi tsakanin mikakke kuma madauwari polarizations.

unpolarized haske

Kwayoyin halitta a farfajiya na wani mai tsanani filament, wanda janye da electromagnetic radiation, ne, da kansa da juna. Kowane radiation za a iya kamar kera kamar jiragen kasa na gajeren lokacin kiranka na 10 ^-9 zuwa 10 ^-8 seconds. Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa daga filament, shi ne wani superposition daga wadannan jiragen kasa, kowanne daga abin da na da rabuwa shugabanci. Adadin daidaitacce da ka basu horo siffofin da kalaman rabuwa vector na wanda dabam hanzari da kuma erratically. Irin wannan kalaman ne ake kira unpolarized. All halitta kafofin haske, ciki har da Sun, Lagwani fitilu, mai kyalli fitilu kuma harshen wuta, samar da irin wannan radiation. Duk da haka, na halitta haske ne sau da yawa partially polarized saboda mahara watsi da kuma tunani.

Saboda haka, bambancin daga halitta polarized hasken ya ƙunsa a gaskiyar cewa a cikin farkon oscillations faruwa a jirgin sama.

Sources na polarized radiation

Polarized haske za a iya samar lokacin da na sarari fuskantarwa m. Daya misali ne synchrotron radiation, a cikin abin da high-makamashi caje barbashi motsi a cikin wani Magnetic filin da kuma emit polarized electromagnetic kalaman. Akwai da yawa sanannun astronomical kafofin cewa emit halitta polarized haske. Wadannan sun hada da nebulae, supernova saurã, da kuma aiki galactic nuclei. cosmic radiation rabuwa da aka yi karatu don ƙayyade da kaddarorin ta kafofin.

polaroid tace

Polarized da kuma halitta haske rabu da wucewa ta hanyar da dama kayan, ya fi na kowa abin da yake cikin polaroid, halitta da American likita Edwin Land. Da tace kunshi dogon sarƙoƙi na hydrocarbon kwayoyin daidaitacce a daya shugabanci da zafi magani tsari. Kwayar Komayya zuwa selectively sha radiation, da lantarki filin ne a layi daya to su fuskantarwa. The haske barin polarizer aka linearly polarized. Its lantarki filin perpendicular zuwa shugabanci na kwayoyin fuskantarwa. Polaroid ya samu aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin filayen, ciki har da tabarau da kuma tace cewa rage sakamakon da tunãni, kuma ya warwatsa haske.

Halitta da polarized haske: Shari'ar Malus

A 1808, likita Etienne Louis Malus gano cewa, haske nuna daga ba na ƙarfe ba saman, jera polarized. Da har na wannan sakamako dogara a kan kwana na abin da ya faru da kuma Refractive index na nuna kayan. A daya daga cikin matsanancin lokacin da tangent na kwana na abin da ya faru a cikin iska ne, sunã daidaita da Refractive index na nuna kayan, da nuna haske ta wãyi gari gaba daya linearly polarized. Wannan sabon abu ne da aka sani a matsayin Brewster ta doka (mai suna bayan ta discoverer, Scottish likita David Brewster). The rabuwa shugabanci layi daya da nuna surface. Tun da kyalli tsananin haske yawanci faruwa a kan tunani daga kwance saman kamar hanyoyi da ruwa tace ana amfani da tabarau zauna horizontally polarized haske da haka selectively cire tunani na haske.

Rayleigh watsi

Light watsi da sosai kananan abubuwa wanda girma ne sosai fiye da karami da zango (abin da ake kira Rayleigh watsi bayan da Turanci masanin kimiyya Ubangiji Rayleigh), kuma Halicci m rabuwa. Lokacin da hasken rana ya wuce ta yanayin duniya, shi ne tarwatsa iska kwayoyin. Duniya kuma ya kai warwatse polarized halitta haske. A mataki na rabuwa shi ne dogara a kan warwatse kwana. Tun da mutum ya bai rarrabe tsakanin halitta da kuma polarized haske, wannan sakamako yawanci ke kada a gane shi. Duk da haka, da idanu na da yawa kwari amsa kiran shi, kuma suka yi amfani da zumunta rabuwa na warwatsa radiation matsayin kewayawa kayan aiki. Al'ada tace kamara da cewa an yi amfani da su rage bango radiation a haske da hasken rana, shi ne mai sauki mikakke polarizer, wanda ya raba da polarized haske da na halitta Rayleigh.

anisotropic kayan

Rabuwa effects an lura a cikin optically anisotropic kayan (a cikinsa da Refractive index dabam tare da shugabanci na rabuwa), kamar birefringent lu'ulu'u, wasu nazarin halittu Tsarin da optically aiki kayan. Fasaha aikace-aikace hada polarizing microscopes, ruwa crystal nuni da Tantancewar kida amfani ga kayan bincike.