Roman Coins: photo da kuma bayanin

Roman Empire - daya daga cikin kasashen da kansu majestic tsufa, wanda ta samo sunanta a cikin girmamawa ta babban birnin kasar - da birnin Roma, wanda aka dauke su kafa Romulus.

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da Roman Empire

A ƙasa na daular buga da ta size: shi miƙa daga arewa zuwa kudu na United Kingdom zuwa Habasha, daga gabas zuwa yamma, daga Iran zuwa Portugal.

A matakin na ci gaba da Romawa suna da yawa gaba na lokaci. A nan aka haife kuma samu ta baza Roman dokar, irin gine-gine da mamaki kamar Dome da baka, da kuma fara bayyana a Roma. The Empire aiki Sewerage, yana da kyau kwarai wanka da kuma sauna da ruwan zafi, ruwa Mills, ba zato ba tsammani, kuma aka ƙirƙira a nan, ba a ma maganar hanyoyi, abin da suke a cikakken yanayin da yake har yanzu a cikin aiki.

Al'adu da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum na zamanin d Romawa

The hukuma harshe na Roman Empire ya Latin, wanda yanzu wakiltar masu rinjaye na likita sharuddan. A wancan lokacin sun iya yi wa mutane da yawa cututtuka, ciki har da samu karaya, hakori matsaloli (kwanyar a lokacin tono samu tare da gubar-shãfe haske hakora), tiyata da aka yi.

A general, da misali daga mai rai a cikin Roman Empire shi ne mafi girma a wannan lokaci. Ta yi nasara wajen tsayayya da dabbanci, gudanar da dama wars da Carthage, erasing sakamakon karaya abokin gaba zuwa ga ƙasa, da kuma gudanar da wani ƙwazo gangamin kama m yankuna.

Mun san da yawa game da tsoho shugabanni, kimiyya, al'adu da kuma rayuwa cikin Romawa domin sun kasance cikakken tarihin duk da fice events a cikin rayuwar kasar, da yawa kuma cikinsu sun tsira da mu sau.

A tsari na gwamnati da kuma 'yancin walwala

Romawa gudanar ya halicci da kuma kula da wani Republican nau'i na gwamnati. Ko bayi a nan yana da 'yancin da kuma dama. Rayuwa a kasar da bin da kansa akida, wadda aka baya yarda ya fadada da ƙasa, kuma Ya tabbatar da shi mai girma superpower na lokaci.

Roma mulki patriarchy. Amma, duk da cewa shugaban na iyali shi wani mazan mutum, kuma duk sauran 'yan iyali sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ikonsa, mata da wasu hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci. Saboda haka, sai wata mace tsunduma a harkokin tattalin arziki, yana da hakkin ya motsa yardar kaina a kusa da birnin ko kasar, je zuwa ziyarci abokai, halartar jama'a tarurruka.

Siyasa da hannu kawai maza, amma mata na high jama'a da aka yarda wasu gata. Kuma duk da haka, da adalci jima'i da aka ba taken zuwa gida ikon mallakar, kazalika ga 'ya'yan mahaifinsa mutuwa. Iyali kudi al'amurran da suka shafi ma hannu da shugaban iyalin. Ya iya gane yaro matsayin nasa da kuma ci gaba da shi, ko kashe domin.

samuwar

A Roman Empire tashi ilimi, wanda za a iya gaskiya da za a dauke ta gada daga cikin na zamani tsarin ilimi. Yara mata da maza je makaranta yana da shekaru shekara bakwai. Ilimi ya kasu kashi uku, saukarwa: primary, secondary da kuma mafi girma ilimi. A farko matakai biyu aka bai wa janar bayani a kowane batu, da kuma a cikin makarantar sakandare da girmamawa ne a kan nazarin oratory.

M iyalan fĩfĩta gida ilimi ga yaransu, sai aka dauke sosai babbar zuwa da Girkanci-malami wanda, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya bawa.

Akwai makarantu inda maza da mata karatu tare. A 17, saurayin ya sha soja horo. Ilimi ga 'yan mata shi ma dole ne, amma shi ya na a mafi m yanayi - da ilmi da basira da ake bukata domin su taimaka musu don gudanar da iyali aikinsu uwar gida da kuma iyaye.

Shi kuwa yana da gaye don samun mafi girma ilimi a Girka. M rhetoric sanar a makarantu a tsibirin Rhodes, wanda ya da nisa daga kasancewa a cheap yardarSa, amma ya ba da babban alkawari.

A kudi tsarin ne a farkon matakai na samuwar a Roma

A alfijir na daular ta tattalin arzikin da aka gina ta Italiya a cikin halitta mu'amala. Ya ɗauka iyali qware a samar (burodi) ta yi girma a hatsi, da tattara, triturated da kuma sanya gari wanda baya amfani. Shirye burodi 'yan uwa zuwa raba a cikin dukiya da suke bukata.

Daga baya, cikin rawar da kudi fara kashe 'ya'yan dabbõbi. Tare da tasowar tattalin arziki na kasar da akwai kananan ingots da tagulla, da na zinariya zama mafi dadi tsabar kudi musanya. A tsawon lokaci, da suka samo asali a cikin ta farko Roman tsabar kudi. Saboda haka akwai nauyi na kudi.

Da farko kudi - jan tsabar kudi

A 4th karni BC. e. a jihar fara Mint na farko Roman tagulla tsabar kudi, wanda aka kira "aces". Akwai iri biyu jakuna, na sarki da tẽku, wanda zai biya albashi ga seamen.

Yadu amfani Greek tsabar kudi - drachmas. Amma Roman azurfa da tsabar kudi minted a farkon zuwa 268 BC. e. A wadannan tsabar kudi dace da gumaka, shugabanni da kuma shahararren Figures na jihar, da dama dabbobi.

Tsabar kudi na Roman Empire, photo samfurori da aka ba a kasa, an samu a ko'ina a cikin tsohon ƙasa na jihar.

Tsirar da tsabar kudi da hannu a cikin majalisar dattijai da kuma na musamman naúrar, da samfur na Mint. Akwai records cewa a zamanin mulkin Gayus Yuliya Tsezarya wani Roman zinariya tsabar kudin minted da Mint, da kuma wani lokacin shi ƙãga tsabar kudi musamman understating da karfe samfurin, a cikin wasu kalmomi - bad kudi.

Gold tsabar kudi suna samuwa a cikin daban-daban ƙungiyõyi: 60 jakai (3.5 grams), 40 (2.2 g) da kuma 20 (1.2 g) jakai.

A iri-iri na azurfa da tagulla tsabar kudi

Akwai hudu iri azurfa da tsabar kudi:

• Dinari guda daraja 10 aces. Su nauyi 4.5 grams.
• Victoriatus, da darajar da abin da yake daidai 7.5 jakai, da kuma weighs 3.4 grams.
• Quinarius. M jakunan ya 5 tsabar kudi. Weight - 2.2 grams.
• Sestertius (ACCA 2.5 - 1.1 grams).

Dinari guda ya fi prevalent monetary naúrar sanya na azurfa. Irin wannan tsabar kudi suna da hannu biyu a cikin gida da kuma a waje cinikayya. Biyu dinari guda - shi ne mafi tsada Roman azurfa tsabar kudin.

Roman jan tsabar kudin, fãce aces, yana da 'yan jinsin, babban bambanci shi ne cewa su size da kuma nauyi.

• ACC - 36 grams.
• semiss - 18 grams.
• triens - 12 grams.
• kvadrans - 9 grams.
• sekstans - 6 grams.
• ozoji - 3 g;
• semuncia - 1.5 grams.

Rashi na azurfa, kuma da sabon zinariya tsabar kudin - aurey

Minting tsabar kudi na zinariya tsaya bayan ta biyu Punic War kuma sake maido da riga shekaru 100 baya, a zamanin mulkin Sulla. Dalilin da dawo da kudi tsarin shi ne rashin azurfa, kuma wani ragi na zinariya a kasar, kazalika da bukatar da kuɗaɗen da yadawa yaki da Marian.

New Roman zinariya tsabar kudin da aka kira aurey, wanda fassara daga Latin matsayin "zinariya". Tsabar kudin nauyi ya 10.5 grams. A wannan lokaci ne mai rare da kuma zamanin d Roman tsabar kudin Pompey Magnus, minted dangane da karancin na azurfa. Bayan sertorian yaki aurei fita daga amfani.

kudi garambawul

A sabon monetary garambawul da aka za'ayi a 141 shekara. Its larura aka lalacewa ta hanyar da akai fall a cikin darajar aces. Yanzu, maimakon Roman tsabar kudi da image "X" sabon alama - taurari ko ketare da dama.

Wadannan azurfa da tsabar kudi a matsayin quinarius sesterces kuma, a 'yan shekaru bayan da ya gyara aikinsa, ana ma bace.

Copper tsabar kudi wuya canza kafin a fara da na karni, bayan da cewa sun aka hankali bace daga scene. A wannan lokaci da Roman Empire ya riga m girma, don haka kudi bukatun gida iko up for yaƙi-da gatura: tetradrachms Macedonia cistophorus Asia Ƙananan, da tagulla, tsabar kudi na Spain, da kuma sauran lardin Roma. Akwai wani bashi, promissory bayanin kula da tsarin, da kuma IOUs.

Bronze ya fairly cheap abu, da kuma yin sayen darajar da tsabar kudi, da suka buga na musamman raguwa - SC, wanda tsaye ga Senatus Consulto. Kusan duk tagulla tsabar kudi bayar zuwa 3 karni ya sami maki a baya gefe.

A kan tsabar kudi na baya sau Aurelian Posthuma, da alama bace, amma sauran shi ne, kuma kusan babu wani saɓani a cikin kuskure. Har ila yau, 'yan rare tsabar kudi sanya masu daraja karafa da aka samar a cikin tsawon ci gaba da Empire, tare da raguwa EX, SC. Masana tarihi yi imani da cewa Roman tsabar kudi da aka minted daga bullion sanata mafi girma misali.

Image shugabanni a kan kudi da kuma deciphering inscriptions

Tare da kudi daga lokuta daban-daban wanda aka nuna ya yi daidai da lokacin da shugabanni. Roman sarakuna a kan tsabar kudi tsaya fita fili isa kusa da kawunansu sun yawanci ãyõyinMu, kuma abbreviations.

Alal misali, a lokacin da tsabar kudin Domitian nuna m profile kuma a kusa da za a iya disassembled wadannan rubutu: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG jam PM TRP XII
IMP XXII cos XVI CENS P PP.

Bari mu bincika wannan rubutu a sama da cikakken bayani.

1. Rage IMP nufin "Sarkin sarakuna" - Amirul sojojin Roma. Title sabunta bayan kowace nasara yaki.
2. Yawan bayan da lakabi na sarki ne yawan sau da shi aka bayar da lakabi na wannan mutumin. Idan da akwai wani yawan, a take ya samu sau ɗaya kawai.
3. CAES - yana nufin Kaisar. Mallaka take, yana da asali a cikin lokaci na Yuliya Tsezarya, a sunansa ba za ka iya ganin wannan nadi.
4. AVG - Agusta. Wani na sarki take. Manyan adadin lokaci da shugabanni kasance biyu lakabi Kaisar Augustas kuma, kamar yadda a mafi zamani definition. Daga baya da lakabi na Kaisar fara yi wa ƙarami wakilin fadar iyali.
5. PM - Pontific Maximus, ko Koli Pontiff. Idan mulki mahara shugabanni, da take wuce zuwa Babbansu na sarakuna, dukan sauran kuma suna jera kawai kamar yadda pontiff. Tare da tallafi na Kristanci ne nadi daina amfani. Kuma a kan lokaci, da take da aka mallakar da Paparoma.
6. TRP - fassara a matsayin Tribune na mutane, wanda ya sosai daraja a Republican Roma. Yawan gaba da raguwa, yana nufin yawan sau da gwamnan aiki a matsayin muka ambata a sama matsayi.
7. Na cos - jakadan - da mafi ofishin a Roma na Jamhuriyar. A lokacin daular shi ne sau da yawa yi da kusoshin Mulki iyali, amma ya zama Consula fiye da sau daya ne kawai zai iya sarki. Yawan gaba da hoton, sau nawa da Kaisar addashin Jami'in Harkokin Jakadancin. A cikin hali na Domitian mu gani lambar 16.
8. PP - Uba na Kasar. Title aka bayar ga sarakuna bayan shekaru da dama da suka yi mulki. Domitian samu ya 12 shekarar da ya Bayelsa. A cikin hali na sarki Adrian, Mint ƙẽtare haddi ba. A shekara ta farko ta sarautar Sarkin sarakuna shi aka saki tsari na tsabar kudi da aka ba shi ta hanyar da lakabi na Uba da Fatherland, a cikin shekaru goma a kan tsabar kudi da take aka rasa.
9. Jam - Jamus. Yana aiki a matsayin wata tunãtarwa ce, da kuma daukakan da wani musamman sarki a matsayin nasara da kuma ci nasara kabilu.
10. CENS P - katsalandan. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, Sarkin sarakuna yi shi don rayuwa.

Akwai da dama sauran ban sha'awa abbreviations, kamar a kan tsabar kudi na lokacin Constantine I, II, da kuma Licinius II.

A wadannan tsabar kudi, ban da aka riga aka sani a gare mu, zane-zane da, da wadannan abbreviations bayyana.

1. MAX - .. Maximus, cewa shi ne mafi girma. The title aka sanya Constantine I, fi sani da Konstantin Veliky.
2. SM, P - Sacra tsabar kudin ko petsunia (kudi), wani lokacin kunshe a cikin hatimi jirgi domin coinage.
3. VOT - Vota - rantsuwarka. Kowane sarki kawo rantsuwa, wanda ya yi wa'adi da in bauta wa mutãnensa. Yawancin lokaci aka maimaita bayan wani lokaci.
4. PERP - Perpetus - madawwami. Definition amfani da a hade tare da wasu sunayen sarauta.
5. DN - Dominus Noster, za a iya fassara a matsayin "Ubangijinmu." A bikin ya zo da iko, da sabon Kaisar fara da wadannan kalmomi.
6. DV - Divus, wanda ke nufin "Allah". Wannan lakabi aka girmama matattu suak kangare m.
7. PT - Pater, Uba. Wannan rubutu featured a kan tsabar kudi na girma Constantine, ƙãga halittarku da 'ya'yansa maza.
8. VNMR - Venerabilis memoria, ko madawwami memory. The rubutu a kan tsabar kudi sadaukar da mai girma Constantine.

Images alloli a kan tsabar kudi na lokuta daban-daban

Bugu da kari ga Caesars, Roman tsabar kudi haifa images gumakansu. Tartsatsi irin wannan tsabar kudi samu a kasar Girka, wanda shi ne riga ɓangare na Roman Empire.

M wadannan gumãka, aka zāna:

• Asclepius, shi ya zama majiɓinci na magani.
• Apollo - gunkin music da kuma al'adu.
• Liber Vakh - bautãwa na ruwan inabi da kuma nishadi. A tsabar kudi a lokacin Septimius Severus.
• Demeter - allahiya na aikin noma.
• Celeste - Afirka aljanna, wanda daba ne musamman rare a Roma a lokacin zamanin mulkin na Arewa.
• Atamis - allahiya-huntress. A tsabar kudin da aka bayar a cikin kwanaki na Julia Domna.
• Hercules - da demigod dan Zeus da kuma wani mutum mace. Yana wata alama ce ƙarfi ne, kuma juriyarsu. Yana ne wanda aka nuna a kan tsabar kudi na tsawon Septimius Severus.
• Isis - Masar aljanna wanda ya Popular a Empire a karshen karni 3rd BC. e. Ana iya gani a lokacin na Julia Domna dinari guda.
• KZ ya akai-akai ya bayyana a kan dinari guda Republican sau, amma shi ne musamman rare a cikin Empire.
• Juno - matar da m bautãwa Zeus. Tsabar kudin minted a lokacin Julius Mesa.
• Zeus - sestertii Arewa.
• Ares, Mars - da na jini bautãwa na yaki. Yana shahara a lokacin Septimius Severus.
• Nemesis, allahiya na ɗaukar fansa. Denard samu a Kalaudiyas.

Coins Mai Tsarki Roman Empire za a iya saya a auctions, da suka fara a $ 50 da rabo, ko kuma haraji da kwangila price. Su ne wani ɓangare na wani nuna a tsufa Raya Makon.

Roman tsabar kudi, da hotuna na wanda aka buga a cikin online gwanjo, za ka iya la'akari da sayen cikakken bayani. Amma rare ya gano cewa, wanda za a iya gani a gidajen tarihi na Turai, an sanya jama'a.