Rusyn harshe: halaye da kuma rarrabuwa na yaruka

Rusyn harshe - cikkaken rukuni na daban-daban yaruka da kuma salon maganarsu, kowa daga kabilanci Rusyns, wanda ya rayu a cikin Ukraine a cikin Carpathians, a gabashin Slovakia da kuma a kudu-maso-gabashin Poland. Har ila yau, wakilan jama'ar dake zaune a wasu yankunan na Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, har ma a Canada da kuma Amurka.

A zamaninmu, bisa ga statistics, da yawan Rusyns ne game da daya da rabi da mutane miliyan. Rusyn harshen kama da Rasha, Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci, tun da shi yana nufin da wannan harshe.

Ra'ayoyin masana ilimin harsuna

Wannan harshe ne daya daga cikin aikin hukuma harsuna na Vojvodina - Serbia ta m lardin a cikin arewa na Danube. Ya zuwa yanzu babu wani yarjejeniya game da ko za mu iya ɗauka da Rusyn harshe m. Ukrainian masana ilimin harsuna, duk da haka, kamar yadda mahukunta ba su gane Rusyns a matsayin mai raba kabila, la'akari da su a matsayin ethnographic kungiyoyin na Ukrainians da su harshe - yare na Ukrainian. Duk da haka, ba haka ba da dadewa, a 2012, shi soma wani ƙuduri, bisa ga abin da Ruthenian ya zama da harshen da kananan mutanen Ukraine.

Hakika, biyu related harsuna cewa wanzu a cikin ƙasa na daya kasar, zai zama irin wannan. Wannan shi ne al'ada. A togiya ba, kuma Ruthenian harshe. Ƙamus na shi, duk da haka, mafi girma har fiye da Ukrainian, cike tserkovnoslavyanizmy. A rarrabe da shi ne a gaban Polonism, slovakizmov, Germanism da madyarizmov. Mutane da yawa lexical abubuwa na Hungarian mayar da su cikin Ruthenian harshe.

A tarihin rikicin

A 19th zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20th a cikin Ruthenian al'adu jama'a mamaye uku trends. Kamar yadda wani da wallafe-wallafen harshen da aka samarwa don gabatar da Rasha Russophile, Ukrainophiles, bi da bi, Ukrainian. Na uku kungiyar da aka gudanar yunkurin wallafe-wallafen Rusin harshen ilimi.

A lokacin yakin shekaru Podkarpacie ya karkashin Hungarian zama, kuma Subcarpathian Society of Sciences ya taka babban rawa a cikin al'adu da ci gaban yankin. A shekara ta farko na yaki da shi da aka buga "Grammar of Ruthenian harshe", wanda marubucin ya Dr. Ivan Garayda - wani malami, mai fassara, m, masanin ilimin harsuna da kuma malama. Shi ya haifar da wani wallafe-wallafen Subcarpathian Ruthenian. A wannan harshe, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a cikin yankin da aka buga mujallu, jaridu da littattafai.

harshen dokar

Duk da cewa a cikin post-yaki lokaci a Podkarpacie rayayye horar da wallafe-wallafen Ukrainian harshe, shi bai kama a tsakanin Rusyns. Haka kuma, ci gaban Ukrainian karin lafazi rubuce-rubuce ya zama ga mutane da yawa a cikin wani babban matsala, dangane da wanda har yanzu akwai da yawa Transcarpathian Rusyns ba la'akari da su, don zama Ukrainians.

Duk da wannan, bayan da yaki a Transcarpathia hukuma shi ne kawai Ukrainian, ko da yake Vojvodina wallafe-wallafen Ruthenian aka amince da baya a twenties, da farko nahawu da aka saki a 1923.

Shi ne har yanzu ba a kafa wata na kowa wallafe-wallafen Ruthenian harshe. Fassara na fahimtar daban-daban yaruka iya ba za a bukata - na kowa jigon da rubutu za a iya gane ba ko da magana da harshen (batun da sanin sauran Eastern Slavic, Rasha misali), amma wannan bai isa ba ga wani cikakken ganewa na adabi aiki.

Babban yaruka

A cikin Transcarpathian yankin na Ukraine, da kuma a cikin wani bangare na Prešov yankin a arewa-maso-gabashin Slovakia, da ake kira kowa Subcarpathian Rusyn yaruka, wanda, bi da bi, suna subdivided cikin Verkhovynsky da dolinyanskie. Dolinyansky niƙa a yammacin (lematsky) da kuma kudu maso yammacin (lishatsky ko maramoroshsky). Lematsky yare kowa a yamma da arewa maso gabashin kasar Slovakia. A lishatskom yare magana Rusyns zaune a karkarar Teresva Valley a gabas zuwa yamma kwarin Rica.

A Transcarpathia a Volovets da Mizhgirya yankunan rarraba Verkhovyna yare, wanda shi ne wani abu a tsakanin kuma dolinyanskim boykovskim.

Lemko yare akwai yanzu a Slovakia a wajen gefen kudu na Carpathians. Wasu Lemko la'akari da kansu Ukrainians da su harshe - Ukrainian yare. Wani sashi gano kanta a matsayin mai raba al'umma.

Features

Ruthenian harshe, tarihin abin da yake haka sabon abu a cikin bayyanar, tunawa da yawa nuances, halayyar yaruka kowa a kan iyakar yankunan.
Akwai iri biyu vowels da e, wanda aka lura a zamanin d harshen, kuma a mafi arewacin yaruka. A podkarpatorusinskom "e" yana furta wannan hanya kamar yadda a Rasha, idan a baya shi akwai mai wuya baƙi (Nebo, Salo, derevo), amma idan wannan wasali ne ta tausasa baƙi sauti hali canje-canje. Harshe a pronunciation ne kusa da gaba sama, da kuma lebe miƙa kamar sauti na "da kuma". A halin yanzu da harshen sanarwa akan abinda irin ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma wasali "e" daukan kan wani gaba ɗaya daban-daban sauti, da sauti ne m, kunkuntar, kamar yadda a cikin Jamus kalma gani.

Har ila yau biyu bambance-bambancen karatu na pronunciation iya samun sauti na "o". A al'ada version, shi ne wani daban-daban daga Rasha ko Czech "o", amma kafin taushi baƙaƙe ne da sunan da Extended lebe, ya jũya a giciye tsakanin "o" da "u".
Labial baƙaƙe "p", "b", "c", "m" a podkarpatorusinskom furta ragi, idan kana so ka taushi aka bayyana a sama bayan su "a kan". Dental vowels "t", "d", "n" a gaban wasali ba da cikakken saukake, amma suna Semi-taushi, amma da "c" da "z" su ne m.

sauran sauti

Tun da labial "a" cikin pronunciation ne m, shi ne a hankali kuma ya bace gaba daya. All Carpathian yaruka da kalmar "tsarki" da aka furta "syaty" a yammacin da kuma yadda "syaty" tsakanin gabashin kungiyar na yaruka.

Amma shi ke da sauti "s" adana dabam daga "da kuma". Daga yaruka Ukrainian podkarpatorusinsky daban-daban pronunciation na kalmomi kawo karshen tare da "Ayu", misali: "Dawa" maimakon "baiwa" da "znav" maimakon "sani" a cikin na uku mutum jam'i mulki ne kiyaye (Davut, znavut).

Ga wasu siffofin na musamman ga Ruthenian: rubuce a bayanin da kuma (olayiti, doyiti), gaban zvuga T ', wani farɗan mai hade da haruffa "LN" (babba, na uku). Vovratnye magana da a wannan harshe ake samar ta amfani da barbashi "Xia", wanda aka kara bayan da magana da (nai Id mu yi murmushi baya). Wadannan su ne main siffofin da cewa rarrabe Ruthenian harshe.

History of fitarwa

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Subcarpathia aka shagaltar da ta Hungarians, da kuma a 1939 da Ruthenian harshe yana goyan bayan da zama gwamnati. Sun yi imani da Ruthenian madyaronov Russified Hungarians. Wannan lokaci za a iya kira zuwa wasu har da flowering na Ruthenian harshe: Bazawa "The Grammar of Ruthenian harshe", da aka buga littattafai, buga jaridu da mujallu. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1944 akwai jirage Pidkarpatiya SSR da Soviet gwamnati ya haramta al'adu da ilimi da ayyukan da suke Rusyns. Su ne kawai gane wani kananan kabila a Ukraine, kuma su harshe - wani yare, duk da cewa a {asar Yugoslavia, da Rusyns aka hukumance gane a matsayin mai raba mutane.

Land na Soviets

Kawai a shekarar 1991, bayan faduwar kwaminisanci, kasashen da suke ɓangare na da Tarayyar Soviet, hankali gane da Rusyns a matsayin mutane. A Poland, Slovakia, da Hungary, da Jamhuriyar Czech, Romania da kuma Rasha Ruthenian goyon a cikin al'adu da kuma ilimi filin, da kuma fiye da shekaru ashirin na Rusyns gane Ukraine.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa kalmar "Ruthenian" da aka sani na dogon lokaci. Ko da a cikin Chronicle wannan ethnonym aka kira da mutane da suke zaune a Rasha. Da kalmar har sau bakwai a cikin yarjejeniya tsakanin Oleg da Girkawa, Dating 911g. Daga 13th ga 18th karni haka ya kira Ukrainians da Belarusians. A Lithuania da kuma Poland, yayin da Rusyns kira wani mazaunin wanda professed Orthodoxy kuma yi magana a kan wasu Gabas Slavic harshe ko yaren (sandunan da kuma Lithuania sun kasance mafi yawa Katolika).

Har shekara ta 1945 babu adjectival "rusinsky", maimakon amfani da "Ruska" (Saboda haka sunan littafin "The Grammar of Ruthenian harshe"). Bayan da yaki, da kalmar "Ruska" ya samu ma'anar "Rasha", wanda aka nuna a cikin Ruthenian magana da wallafe-wallafen.

A binciken da na Ruthenian

Wannan ban sha'awa tsaoho shi, lalle zã jawo hankalin da hankali. Akwai su da yawa songs cewa har yanzu sung Rusyns a cikin hedkwatarsu da harshe, sabõda haka da cewa, domin starters, za ka iya kewaya da su. Duk wani matsakaici Gabas Slavic harshe ne, ba wuya su koyi da Ruthenian harshe. Kai Taimako za a iya samu a kan dacewa bayanai albarkatu, amma fiye da taimaka wa al'umma a social networks kishin Ruthenian, wanda sadarwa kai tsaye da 'yan qasar jawabai, da kuma koya daga gare su.

Bugu da kari, shan mai tafiya, za ka iya kashe wani lokaci a cikin wani wuri inda suka yi magana Rusyn. Wannan zai ba mai sauri fara koyon wani yaren, zai taimaka nike karin lafazi fasali. Amma kafin mu dauka da horo, shi wajibi ne domin sanin da yare a matsayin na kowa da wallafe-wallafen Ruthenian har yanzu ba ya wanzu.