Sarauniya Sultanate na Ottoman Empire

A cikin labarin, zamu bayyana cikakken Sultanate Sultan na Ottoman Empire. Za mu yi magana game da wakilansa da kwamiti, game da kimantawar wannan lokacin a tarihin.

Kafin muyi cikakken bayani game da Sarkin Sultan na Daular Ottoman, bari mu fada wasu kalmomi game da yanayin da aka lura da ita. Wannan wajibi ne don shigar da lokaci na sha'awar mu a cikin tarihin tarihin.

A Ottoman Empire kuma ake kira Ottoman. An kafa shi cikin 1299. A sa'an nan da na, Osman Gazi, wanda ya zama na farko sultan na daular, ya ayyana 'yancin kai daga Seljuk ƙasa na kananan jihar. Duk da haka, a wasu kafofin da aka ruwaito shi ne cewa Murad I, ɗan jikansa, ya karbi sunan sultan kawai.

Ranar daular Ottoman

Mulkin Sulaiman I Mai Girma (daga 1521 zuwa 1566) an dauke shi ne na daular Ottoman. An gabatar da hoton wannan sultan a sama. A cikin ƙarni 16-17, jihar Ottomans na daya daga cikin mafi karfi a duniya. Yankin daular daular a shekara ta 1566 ya haɗu da ƙasar da ta fito daga birnin Baghdad a gabas da kuma Budapest ta Hungary a arewa zuwa Makka a kudanci da Aljeriya zuwa yamma. Halin wannan jihar a cikin yankin tun lokacin karni na 17 ya fara karuwa sosai. Daga bisani mulkin ya rushe bayan ya rasa a yakin duniya na farko.

Matsayin mata a cikin gwamnati

A lokacin da 623 da shekaru na Ottoman daular mulki ƙasar mallakar kasar, tare da 1299 zuwa 1922, a lokacin da daular mulkinsu daina wanzuwa. Mata a cikin daular da ke sha'awar mu, ba kamar masu mulkin mallaka na Turai ba, ba a yarda su mallaki jihar ba. Duk da haka, wannan yanayin ya kasance a cikin dukkan kasashen musulmi.

Duk da haka, a tarihin Daular Ottoman akwai lokacin da ake kira Sultanate Mata. A wannan lokacin, jima'i na gaskiya ya shiga cikin gwamnati. Mutane da yawa mashahuran masana tarihi sun yi ƙoƙari su fahimci abin da sultan na mata yake, don fahimtar matsayinta. Muna ba ka kyan gani a wannan lokacin mai ban sha'awa a tarihi.

Kalmar "Sarkin Sultanate"

Wannan kalma ta farko ne Ahmet Reif Altynai, masanin Turkiyya ya gabatar, a shekarar 1916. Yana faruwa a littafin wannan masanin kimiyya. An kira aikinsa - "Sarkin Sultanate." Kuma a zamaninmu, jayayya game da tasiri na wannan lokaci akan ci gaba da Daular Ottoman ba su daina. Akwai bambancin ra'ayi game da abin da babban dalilin wannan batu, don haka ba a fahimta game da addinin musulunci ba. Masana kimiyya suna jayayya game da wanda ya kamata a dauka matsayin wakilin farko na Sultanate mata.

Dalilin

Wasu masana tarihi sunyi zaton cewa wannan lokacin ya haifar da lokacin karshen yakin. An san cewa tsarin tsarin ƙasƙantar da kansu da kuma samo asali na soja ya dogara akan su. Sauran masana kimiyya yi imani cewa mata a cikin Sultanate na Ottoman Empire bayyana godiya ga gwagwarmayar da yarjejeniyoyin da dokar "A kan mayẽwa", da aka buga da Mehmed II Fatih. A cewar wannan doka, dole ne a kashe dukkan 'yan'uwan Sultan bayan da suka shiga gadon sarauta. Ba shi da ma'anar abin da suke nufi. Masana tarihi da suke riƙe da wannan ra'ayi, sunyi la'akari da Hürrem Sultan wanda shine wakilin farko na Sultanate mata.

Hürrem Sultan

Wannan mace (hoto da aka gabatar a sama) ita ce matar Suleiman I. Na kasance ita ce a shekara ta 1521, a karo na farko a tarihin jihar, ta fara farawa "Khaseki Sultan". A cikin fassarar wannan ma'anar yana nufin "matar ƙaunatacciyar."

Za mu sake bayani game da Hürrem Sultan, wanda sunansa yana da dangantaka da Sultanate a Turkiyya. Gaskiyar ita ce Lisovskaya Alexandra (Anastasia). A Turai, ana kiran wannan mace Roksolana. An haife shi a 1505 a Yammacin Ukraine (garin Rogatina). A shekara ta 1520, Khurrem Sultan ya isa fadar Istanbul Topkapi Palace. A nan Suleiman I, Sarkin Sultan, ya ba Alexandra sabon suna - Hürrem. Wannan kalmar daga Larabci za a iya fassara shi a matsayin "kawo farin ciki". Suleiman I, kamar yadda muka riga ya fada, ya ba wannan mata sunan "Khaseki Sultan". Alexandra Lisovskaya ya sami iko mai yawa. An cigaba da ƙarfafa a 1534, lokacin da mahaifiyar Sultan ya mutu. Daga wannan lokacin, Hurrem ya fara gudanar da harem.

Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan mata ta kasance mai ilimi sosai a lokacinta. Ta mallaki harsuna da dama, don haka ta amsa wasiƙai daga manyan mashawarta, shugabannin kasashen waje da masu fasaha. Bugu da kari, Khurem Khaseki Sultan ya karbi jakadun kasashen waje. Hurrem ya kasance mai ba da shawara a siyasar Suleiman I. Mijinta ya kashe yawancin lokacinsa a yakin basasa, saboda haka sau da yawa ya dauki nauyin alhakinsa.

Abinda ke ciki na kwarewar Hürrem Sultan

Ba duk masana kimiyya sun yarda da ra'ayi cewa wannan mace ta zama mai wakiltar Sultanate mata ba. Daya daga cikin manyan muhawarar da suke yi ita ce, ga kowane wakilin wannan lokaci a tarihin, wadannan halaye guda biyu masu halaye ne: halayen gajeren yanayi da kuma kasancewar taken "Validida" (mahaifiyar Sultan). Babu wani daga cikinsu yana nufin Hürrem. Ta ba ta rayu har shekaru takwas ba kafin samun zarafin "Jagora". Bugu da ƙari, zai zama ba daidai ba ne don la'akari da cewa lokacin Sultan Suleiman na takaice, domin ya yi mulkin shekaru 46. Kamar yadda, duk da haka, ba daidai ba ne ya kira mulkinsa "ya ƙi". Amma lokacin da ake damu da mu an dauke shi sakamakon sakamakon "komawa" na daular. Wannan shi ne rashin talauci a cikin jihar da ta haife Sultan Sultan a cikin Ottoman Empire.

Mihrimah ya maye gurbin matar Hurrem (a cikin hoto a sama - kabarinta), zama shugaban harem Topkapi. An kuma yarda cewa wannan matar ta rinjayi ɗan'uwana. Duk da haka, ba za a iya kiran shi wakilin Sultanate na Mata ba.

Kuma wanene za'a iya danganta su da lambar? Mun kawo hankalinka jerin sunayen sarakuna.

Sultan Sultan na Ottoman Empire: jerin mata

Don dalilan da aka ambata a sama, yawancin masana tarihi sunyi imanin cewa akwai wakilai hudu kawai.

• Na farko daga cikin wadannan - Nurbanu Sultan (shekarun rayuwa - 1525-1583). Daga asali ta kasance Venetian, sunan wannan mace Cecilia Venier-Buffo.
• Babban wakili na biyu shine Safiy Sultan (kimanin 1550 - 1603). Har ila yau, dan Venetian ne, wanda sunansa shine Sofia Buffo.
• Babban wakili na uku shine Kesem Sultan (shekarun rayuwa - 1589 - 1651). Ba a san asalinta ba, amma, mai yiwuwa, shi ne Girkanci Anastasia.
• Kuma na karshe, wakilin na hudu - Turhan Sultan (shekarun rayuwa - 1627-1683). Wannan mace ce mai suna Nadezhda mai suna Ukrainian.

Turhan Sultan da Kesem Sultan

Lokacin da matar Nadezhda ta Ukrainian ta yi shekaru 12, dan Tattalin Tattalin ya kama ta. Sun sayar wa Ker Suleiman Pasha. Ya kuma sake mayar da matar nan Walide Kesem, mahaifiyar Ibrahim I, mashawartan shugabanci. Akwai fim din da ake kira "Mahdeyker", wanda ke fadin rayuwar wannan sultan kuma mahaifiyarsa, a gaskiya, ya tsaya a kan mulkin. Tana kula da duk al'amuran, tun lokacin da Ibrahim ya dawo da hankali, saboda haka ba zai iya yin aikinsa ba.

Wannan mai mulki ya dauki kursiyin a shekara ta 1640, yana da shekaru 25. Irin wannan babban al'amari na jihar ya faru ne bayan mutuwar Murad IV, dan uwansa (wanda Kesem Sultan ya yi mulki a farkon shekarunsa). Murad IV shi ne sultan na karshe wanda ya kasance a cikin daular Ottomans. Saboda haka, Kesem ya tilasta wa warware matsalar matsalolin gwamnati.

Tambayar maye gurbin gadon sarauta

Zai zama alama cewa samun magada a gaban babban harem ba shi da wuya. Duk da haka, akwai kaya daya. Ya kasance a cikin gaskiyar cewa sultan maras tunani yana da dandano mai ban sha'awa da ra'ayoyin kansa game da kyakkyawa mata. Ibrahim I (hotunansa da aka gabatar a sama) ya fi son mata mai yawa. Tarihin tarihin waɗannan shekarun da aka ambata game da ƙwaraƙwarar da yake so. Nauyinta ya kimanin 150 kg. Daga wannan zamu iya sa zaton cewa Turhan, wanda mahaifiyarsa ta ba dansa, yana da nauyi mai yawa. Watakila shi ya sa Kesem ya saya shi.

Fighting biyu Walide

Ba a san yawan yara da aka haife su a matsayin Hope na Ukrainian ba. Amma an san cewa ita ne na farko daga cikin sauran ƙwaraƙwarai don su ba shi ɗan Mehmed. Wannan ya faru ne a watan Janairu 1642 An gane Mehmed a matsayin magaji ga kursiyin. Bayan rasuwar Ibrahim I, wanda ya mutu saboda sakamakon juyin mulki, ya zama sabon sultan. Duk da haka, ta wannan lokaci yana da shekaru 6 kawai. Turhan, mahaifiyarsa, ta hanyar doka ita ce ta sami lakabin "valida", wanda zai daukaka ta zuwa saman ikon. Duk da haka, duk abin da ya juya bai fito da ita ba. Mahaifiyarsa, Kesem Sultan, ba ta so ya ba ta. Ta sami abin da babu mace za ta iya yi. Ta zama Walid Sultan a karo na uku. Wannan mace ne kawai a cikin tarihin wanda ke da wannan lakabi a ƙarƙashin dan jikan.

Amma gaskiyar mulkinta bai damu Turhan ba. Abubuwan da suka faru a fadar sarauta na tsawon shekaru uku (daga 1648 zuwa 1651), kuma abubuwan da suka faru sun yi yawo. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1651, an gano Kesem mai shekaru 62 da aka harbe shi. Ta ba ta wurin Turhan.

Ƙarshen Sarauta Sultan

Don haka, a cewar mafi yawan masana tarihi, ranar farkon Sultanate mata ita ce 1574. A lokacin ne aka ba da Nurban Sultan sunan sunan Valid. Lokacin da muke sha'awar ya ƙare a shekara ta 1687, bayan da muka hau gadon sarautar Sultan Suleiman II. Ya riga ya tsufa, ya karbi iko mafi girma, shekaru 4 bayan Turhan Sultan ya mutu, wanda ya zama Walid na karshe.

Wannan matar ta mutu a shekara ta 1683, lokacin da ya kai 55-56. An binne gawawwakinta a kabari, a masallaci da ta gina. Duk da haka, ba 1683 ba, kuma 1687 an dauke shi ranar ƙarshe na Sultanate mata. An sa'an nan kuma yana da shekaru 45 da shekaru, Mehmed Iv aka dethroned. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon wani makirci, wanda Kepryul, dan babban mai girma vizier ya shirya. Ta haka ne sultan na mata ya ƙare. Mehmed ya shafe shekaru biyar a kurkuku ya mutu a shekara ta 1693.

Me yasa rawar mata a cikin gwamnonin kasar ta karu?

Daga cikin manyan dalilai na kara yawan mata a cikin gwamnati, akwai da dama. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne ƙaunar da ake yi wa matalauta don jima'i na gaskiya. Sauran shi ne tasirin da aka yi wa 'ya'yan mahaifiyarsu. Wani dalili kuwa shi ne cewa ba a iya yin amfani da sultans ba a lokacin da aka shiga gadon sarauta. Hakanan zaka iya lura da rashin fahimta da rikice-rikice na mata da sabacciyar haɗuwa da yanayi. Wani muhimmin mahimmanci shi ne cewa manyan viziers sau da yawa canza. Yawan lokacin da suke aiki a matsayinsu a farkon karni na 17 ya kai kimanin shekara guda. Wannan, hakika, ya ba da gudunmawa ga rikice-rikice da siyasa a cikin mulkin.

Tun daga karni na 18, sultans sun fara shiga kursiyin lokacin da suka kai girma. Uwaye da yawa daga cikinsu sun mutu kafin 'ya'yansu suka zama sarakuna. Sauran sun tsufa kuma ba su da ikon yin yaki don iko kuma sunyi kokarin magance muhimman al'amura na jihar. Ana iya cewa a tsakiyar karni na 18 Walid bai taka rawar gani a kotu ba. Ba su shiga cikin gwamnati ba.

Bayani game da lokacin Sultanate

Mace mace a fadar Ottoman tana da matsala. Masu wakiltar jima'i na jima'i da suka kasance bawa kuma sun iya yin tasiri a matsayin Valid, sau da yawa ba su shirya su gudanar da harkokin siyasa ba. A cikin zaɓaɓɓen masu neman su da kuma ganawar su zuwa manyan ginshiƙai, sun dogara ne akan shawarar da suka dace. A zabi sau da yawa ba bisa ga damar iyalan wadanda ko wasu mutane ko kuma biyayya ga daular mulkin ba, amma bisa ga amincin su a cikin kabilanci.

A gefe guda kuma, Sarauniya Sultan a cikin Ottoman Empire yana da al'amura masu kyau. Godiya gareshi, ya gudanar da kiyaye tsarin tsarin mulkin sararin samaniya. Ya danganta ne akan gaskiyar cewa dukkanin yara su kasance daga wannan daular. Rashin kwarewa ko rashin galihu na sirri na sarakuna (irin su sultan Murad IV, wanda aka gabatar da hoto a sama, ko kuma Ibrahim Ibrahim mai wahalar) an biya shi da rinjayar da ƙarfin iyayensu ko mata. Duk da haka, mutum ba zai iya watsi da gaskiyar cewa ayyukan mata, wanda aka gudanar a wannan lokacin, ya taimaka wajen yaduwar mulkin. Wannan ya shafi girman Turhan Sultan. Mehmed IV, ɗanta, Satumba 11, 1683, ya rasa yakin Vienna.

A ƙarshe

Bugu da ƙari, zamu iya cewa a zamaninmu babu wani bincike na tarihi da aka yarda dashi da yawa da tasirin da Sultanate Sultan ya yi game da ci gaban mulkin. Wasu masanan kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa kwamitin zartarwar jima'i na tura jihar ta kashe. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa shi ne mafi ma'ana fiye da hanyar da kasar ta rage. Duk da haka, abu daya ya bayyana: matan Daular Ottoman basu da rinjaye sosai kuma sun kasance da yawa daga shugabanci daga sarakunan zamani a Turai (alal misali, Elizabeth I da Catherine II).