Renaissance Carolingian na Roman Empire

The title "Paparoma" (Papa -. Lat) yana Greek asalinsu. Da alama cewa, m ga sanannen imani, ya bai zo ba daga Pappas - "baba" (. Greek), da kuma daga papas - "shawarta" (Gk.). A farko, da suka kira duk bishops, amma daga baya da sunan da aka sanya wa bishop na Roma a matsayin magaji na St. Bitrus -. Cewar labari, da farko bishop na Roma. The kalmar "Kirista" ba wani jami'in title na shugaban Roman Katolika. Babban lakabi - Episcopus Romanus da Pontivex Maximus, wanda ke nufin "Koli Babban Firist". Wannan biyu suna da aka gada daga cikin pre-Kirista Roma. Gregory na Great kira kansa "Servus Servorum Dei" - "bawan daga cikin bayin Allah." Wannan sunan kuma an kunshe a cikin papal titulature.

Gregory mallakar wani daraja da m Roman iyali. A rawar da ya taka a matsayin prefect na Roma, ya sami administrative da kuma diplomasiyya kwarewa. Amma da bala'i ya sa ta mamayewa na Lombards, kawo ya zama na gaba. Ba da sa'a, don gina gidajen ibada, sai ya fara kai rayuwar wani sufi da kuma ascetic. Amma bayan wani lokaci Paparoma Pelagius II nada shi a matsayin wakilin a Konstantinoful yadi. A 590, bayan mutuwar Pelagius Gregory aka dagagge zuwa ga papacy. Ya ba kawai shirya ecclesiastical gwamnati, amma, a gaskiya ma tsaya a kai na Roman yanki, shirya da tsaro, abinci, da taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira, da dai sauransu A nasara aiwatar da Gregory na jihar ayyuka ya sa fushi da Byzantine sarki, wanda ake zargi da Paparoma na zagi da iko, duk da haka, tabbatar da shi da girmamawa daga cikin limaman, da mutane, har ma da Lombards, wanda ya fara da tasiri don matsawa zuwa Katolika.

Gregory kafa wani m waɗanda Allah ya bayyana a Italiya, za a ci gaba a lokacin da samuwar abin da ake kira papal jihar.

By tsakiyar Sabunta a. Lombards mamaye kusan dukkan Italian dũkiyarku da Rum. A 752, da suka kama da Exarchate na Ravenna, da kawo Byzantine Gwamna-Janar a Italiya. A mataki na gaba ya zama kama na Roma. Ba dogaro da sarki na Konstantinoful, tunawa da ciki tashin, Paparoma Stephen II aika wani hujja ta kasance ga taimako ga Frankish sarki. Caroling Korol Pipin ya gõde dads taimaka kifar da baya Merovingian daular da kuma coci bukatar ya zama m legitimization ikonsa. Bayan biyu soja kamfen a Italiya, ya tilasta Sarkin Lombards tsabta yankin daga Roma don Ravenna, m. Ba so su mayar da Byzantine gwamna, kamar yadda ya bukaci da Konstantinoful gwamnati, da kuma ba da kasancewa iya zo Grips tare da Italian harkokin, Pepin ya ba da tsohon Exarchate na Ravenna karkashin iko da papal gwamnati.

Details na yarjejeniya ba daidai aka sani, kamar yadda alaka takardun sun bace. Amma daga baya shugaban Kirista siddan fassara shi a matsayin wani hali na kyauta - "kyautar Pepin." Bayan wani lokaci, wani dubious "kyauta daga Pepin" juya a cikin "kyauta daga Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - daya daga cikin mafi girma a tarihi jabu. A Papal Chancery aka qirqiro takardar shaidar kõma sama a madadin Sarkin sarakuna Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). A cewar wannan aiki na Constantine, da zato warke daga kuturtarsa addu'o'in Bishop na Roma Sylvester bã karshe primacy kan sauran bishops, kuma ya ba shi, shi da mãsu mayẽwa da m dalĩli a Roma, Italiya da kuma dukan na Yammacin Roman Empire. Kansa sarki, ba a raba ikon tare da Paparoma, ya tafi Konstantinoful. A cewar wannan version, Pepin ne kawai koma zuwa ga papacy cewa ya kamata ya zama nasa shi tare da IV.

Abu ne mai wuya da cewa Paparoma ya yi ƙarfin halin gabatar da wannan karya ne Pepin da more iko da magaji. Ta zama yadu da aka sani kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na IX karni. karkashin Paparoma Nicholas I a nan gaba ba kawai amfani da papacy zuwa baratar da ƙẽtare pretensions da 'yan iko. Gaskiyar jabu "Conatitutum Constantini" aka tabbatar a cikin 1440, amma kawai a cikin XIX karni. Cocin Katolika ya kau da wannan harka.

Pepin kafa biyu daular na Frankish sarakuna da aka mai suna Carolingian girmama mahaifinsa - magajin gari na fādar Charles. Jamus "ing" yayi dace da Rasha "ovich". Carolingians - yana nufin Karlovic, zuriyar Karla Martella. A mafi muhimmanci wakilin wannan daular kuwa ɗan Pipina Karl, suka tafi a tarihi kamar yadda Karl Veliky.

Wannan dattaku da m ƙarfi da gwaninta ya dauka mafi nasara ƙoƙari "hažaka ikon Roman Empire na Jamus makamai." Gaji mahaifinsa m Frankish mulkinsa, kuma nasarar fadada shi zuwa gabas, kudu da arewa, Karl zama ƙarshen Sabunta karni. master of kusan duk na nahiyar yammacin Turai. A zamanin mulkinsa, da Frankish jihar mika daga Pyrenees zuwa Turanci Channel da Bahar Rum zuwa Baltic. A waɗannan ƙasashe yanzu located Faransa, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, yammaci da kuma kudancin Jamus, Austria, arewa-maso-gabashin Spain da kuma babban ɓangare na Italiya.

Ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa, Charles ya akai-akai ya tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Italian. A 772, ya koma da Franco-Lombard yaki. A hujjar da mamayewa na Italiya ya zama na gaba da shugaban Kirista request ga soja taimako. A mayar da martani ga Paparoma ta albarka da kuma buri ga wani speedy ci na Lombards, Karl ce cewa yana so "ya lashe, ba su nasara." "I - ya ce - za a kira Sarkin Franks, kuma Lombards, don haka kamar yadda ba su zarga da mutane suke fatan su lashe." A tsakiyar 774, da Lombard sarki Desiderius kayen shan kashi. Kadawa aka kurkuku a wani sufi, da kuma lashe lashe kambinsa.

Kafa ta Karl Power aka sani da Sahaban a matsayin magaji na Yammacin Roman Empire. Ya zahiri da fadar mulki, kuma zai halatta da'awar da lakabi na sarki.

A cikin kaka na 800, Karl sake tafi Italiya, inda Roman nobility maƙarƙashiya Paparoma Leo III. Ya shafe kusan watanni shida a Roma, za ta hanyar jayayya tsakanin shugaban Kirista da kuma abokan adawarsa. Disamba 25th, Kirsimeti rana, ya saurari da Mass a St. Bitrus. Dad tafi zuwa ga durkusa Charles da kuma sa masa a kā da zinariya na sarki kambi. Wannan ya biyo ta da ake kira acclamation: ba a cikin Cathedral na wakilan da Franks, da Romawa da Saxons, Bavarians da sauran batu al'ummai sau uku ce: "Long live wins da kuma Carl watan Agusta, da lashe ta Allah mai girma da kuma mirotvoryaschy Roman sarki." Acclamation ya kamata ya alamar mutane ta goyon baya da m m.

Karl dauki fadar regalia. Amma daga baya, bisa ga biographer Einhard da kuma majalisar ba da shawara, sai ya bayyana rashin biyan bukata da "mara izini" ayyukan Leo III, ya ce cewa, sani game da nufi na Paparoma, zai zama cewa rana ba ta je coci, duk da Kirsimeti. Wannan shaida Einhard m masana tarihi, saboda, kamar yadda m events nuna, Carl gaske ganin darajarsa da sabon suna.

Yana yiwuwa cewa Charles ba gaba ɗaya halshen hanya sarautarsa, da gangan revamped III na Leon, sanya kambi ga acclamation, NUNA da mutane ba, kuma daukarsa a matsayin kundin tsarin mulkin yi da Sarkin sarakuna zaben. m an saita: tallafi na fadar title ya dogara a kan yi na sa kambi na Paparoma. Daga bisani, Karl kokarin warware wani a ke so m. A 813, a crowning dansa Louis kamar yadda ya co-m da magaji, ya wadãtu da sa hannu na Paparoma. By domin na Karl matasa monarch kansa zaci kambi karkashin acclamation daga waɗanda ba da aka ayyana sarki da kuma Augustus. Duk da haka, kara m Paparoma jãyayya da cewa Karl Veliky da aka sani kawai wani sarki, yayin da Leo III ba sa kan shi da na sarki kambi. A mayar da martani, da ideologists na na sarki dalĩli da'awar cewa nasara recreating yammacin Empire mallakar musamman zuwa Charles da kuma shugaban Kirista rawar da aka iyakance ga m bikin.

A tallafi na na sarki suna Carl wuya dangantakar da Rum, har yanzu ya wadãtu da kansa da tafin kafa magaji na Roman Empire. A Rumawa yi ĩmãni, kuma suna kiran kansu Romawa (Greek - Romeo), da kuma ta sarakuna - Roman (romeyskoy). Bayyanar da na biyu na sarki ikon, da'awar da Roman al'adunmu, da aka gani a Konstantinoful a matsayin usurpation.

Charles da barorinsa aka sake amfani da duka biyu "Roman" sunan dauloli: gabashi da yammacin. Amma a lokaci guda sun nemi da yiwuwar maido da mutunci da iko na Roman soja ko diplomasiyya wajen. Muna yin tsare-tsaren da aure, Charles tare da Byzantine m, Irina, a cikin wannan hanya don "connect da gabas da yamma" da kuma mayar da hadin kai a karkashin sandan orbis romanus ( "Roman Aminci"). Domin tattaunawa game da wannan aikin a Konstantinoful isa Frankish jakadun. Amma a 21 ga watan Oktoba 802, da juyin mulki da ya faru, hana Irina iko. Al'arshi daga cikin Eastern Roman Empire dauki protege daraja Nicephorus I (802 - 811), Frankish watsi da "mayaudarin". Kawai a cikin gaba 812 Basileus Michael I aka tilasta gane sabuntawa na Yammacin daular da na sarki lakabi na Charlemagne.

Farfadowa da na'ura (restauratio) da kuma sabuntawa (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl tunanin su tarihi manufa. Kamar Roman sarakuna , da ya so ya ƙulla da shi zuwa ga ƙasa subordinated to hanyoyi, canals da gadoji, kazalika da uniform tsarin na kaya masu nauyi da kuma matakan da, guda high quality-kudin. A tsabar kudi na lokacin Charles image a wani Roman Toga da wani Laurel wreath kewaye da rubutu "inp Aug" ( "Augustus"). Tasirin "yammacin sarki" ya wuce ta iko. Ya ra'ayi da aka saurari a Anglo-Saxon da mulkoki, a Scotland, a cikin Irish tribal mulkoki.

Mutane da yawa damuwa kawo Karl daidaituwa management da kuma aiwatar da bin doka da oda ya fara a cikin manyan daular. Ta shiga "jahili" mutanen da aka umurce su da su shirya wani tari na kwastan, tare da bege na da m kira, biyu daga cikin su, kuma su da Roman dokar. Carl kansa biya mai girma da hankali ga majalisu aiki. Bayan da na sarki sa kambi ya buga 47 tura babi na gida, da sauri yada a ko'ina cikin jihar.

A zamanin Karla Velikogo kira "Carolingian Renaissance". Ya ba kawai farfado da Roman na sarki jihar, amma kuma da tsoho al'ada a kan tushen da wani sabon Kirista, suna begen su dakatar da lalata da kuma koma baya. Back a 789, surarsa gidan "Admonitio generalis" hurarrun batutuwa tunani game da bukatar ilimi. Sarkin sarakuna gudanar da makarantun firamare da sakandare, da tarin da kuma maido da rubutun d¯a, halittar dakunan karatu, inganta da "littafin art".

A zuciya na daular Karla Velikogo ya da ra'ayin hadin kai na yammacin Turai. Ƙarfinsa, makamashi da kuma baiwa, ya "magnanimitas" bayar da shi da goyon bayan da ya Sahaban da kuma biyayya da vassals. Daya iya fatan cewa Italy da kuma Gaul za su iya soke sakamako na jahiliya mamayar, da 'yan asalin mutane za su cudanya da Jamusawa da kuma tare sake wani united Yammacin Empire.

Charles ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Janairu 814 Jiki "babban sarki wanda kumbura Frankish mulkinsa, kuma domin da shekaru da farin ciki XLVII mallakar su" da aka binne shi a ɗakin sujada na Aachen Cathedral. Jim kadan bayan mutuwar fara da bazuwar (ƙasƙanci) ya halitta jihar tsarin. Ɗan, da kuma magajin Karla Lyudovik, suka tafi a tarihi da ba daidai ba da sunan ga sarki, "mãsu taƙawa", tare da tsananin wahalar kiyaye mutuncin daular. A 817, ya bayar da wani babi na gida "A cikin tsari na daular" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), wanda ya sanar da babban dan Lothair "co-m da wani mataimaki a cikin harkokin na daular." Daga baya a hannunsa ya kasance a mayar da hankali fadar mulki. Matasa da 'ya'ya maza, ko da yake bai wa sararin asashe, ya sallama wa Karin sojoji da kuma siyasa. Duk da haka, "Ordinatio imperii" ba a yi aiwatar. Bayan rasuwar Louis, da 'ya'yansa maza Karin, Louis kuma Charles, iya raba ikon, raba ikon babbar kakan, kuma haka Yammacin Turai.

Shi ne wannan makawa hanya na events? Da alama cewa amsar shubuha. Carl sake daular da aka dogara ne a kan ƙãre tarihi kafuwar Roman jihar. Romance da kuma Jamus al'ummai sun riga ya nuna da yiwuwa na juna assimilation. Ajiye da mayar da ragowar na Roman kayayyakin more rayuwa, ci gabantar da kasuwar Hadin da sauran kudi tsarin. A karkashin sharadi gwargwado, kasashen yammacin Empire iya tsayayya da centrifugal nufi da karfafa centripetal. Amma bai cancanta da irresponsibility na siyasa magada daga Charles bude hanyar for decentralization cin duniya. Bright wani tunanin kimantawa events faruwa theologian ya Flor Lyons a "} arar na Empire sashe." Empire, wanda "haskaka a idanun duniya, - ya rubuta - yanzu tsage zuwa tãtsuniyõyi jihar kwanan nan har yanzu guda, shi ne zuwa kashi uku sassa ... Maimakon Sarkin sarakuna -. Measly" jini lemu "maimakon Powers -., Niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa kowa kyau ya daina wanzuwa ... duk tunawa da nasu bukatun: tunanin wani abu amma a manta da Allah. "

Yarjejeniyar da Verdun kawo Yammacin Turai Lalacewar, tattalin arziki auka, m rikice-rikice, jini da kuma dulmuya cikin rudani. A wani lokaci a lokacin da kawai kawo kaya daga maki A to auna B aka quite a feat, m kasuwar Hadin, ya naturalization tattalin arzikin.

Har XIX karni. bangare na Charlemagne ta daular an ɗauke tarihi kimiyya ainihin korau. Duk da haka, da Faransa masana tarihi F. Guizot, kuma A. Thierry bita kimanta na da yarjejeniyar da Verdun, wanda ya gano, a cikin ra'ayi, da gina hanyoyi na kasa jihohi, na farko, ba shakka, France. Ba su yi la'akari da farashin da cewa biya mutane don hadade division Carl Yammacin Turai da kuma wanda, na iya ƙara, har yanzu ya biya.

Mahalarta Verdun yarjejeniyar sun nisa daga dabarun sharudda, shiryar da gajere amfanin. Ba su wakilci ƙayyadaddu da za a raba yankin da cewa daga baya ba Yunƙurin zuwa yawa rikice-rikice. Babu wani daga cikin sabuwar States yawan ya ba tukuna kasance al'umma guda.

Ƙarami jikan Karla Velikogo, wanda ya shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin Charles cikin m, ya romanized ƙasa yamma da Rhine. Middle jikan - Louis samu zalla Jamus yankin gabas na Rhine da wani kananan hagu-banki yankin tare tsakiyar kai na Rhine, bayar da "ga ruwan inabi", samar a ta Kudu Jamus da gonakin inabi. A karshe, wana - Lothair samu Italiya da kuma "tsakãtsaki ce" na Frankish ƙasashe ayi tsakanin Mulkin ɗan'uwansa, kuma jimawa zama wani kashi na tsananin husũma. Louis, da Charles ki gane fadar dalĩli Karin, amma ya bar fadar take, bã tãre da real ciki.

M events sun nuna cewa ba kowa zai iya samu nasarar gudanar da mulki. Mahalarta Verdun yarjejeniyar jimawa da biya takardar kudi. Dũkiyõyinsu da aka kai hari daga kudu na larabawa (Saracens), daga gabas - da Hungarians daga arewa - Scandinavian Vikings.

Karl Veliky ba fifiko ga kariya na kan iyakoki ta hanyar gina layin na kan iyaka kufaifan. A arewa, shi aka kafa ta da Danish iri, don rufe Saxony, gabas - da Maris na Pannonia, da zuciyar nan gaba na Austria, da dai sauransu rundunar motoci da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa da wuraren an rayayye da ake gina.

Duk da haka, ya mãsu mayẽwa, maimakon karfafa rundunar motoci da kuma birãnensu ake mired a internecine rikice-rikice. Jim kadan bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da Verdun a 846, a Saracens tawagar komai a fili tare da fashin teku jirãge, ya kai hari Roma da kuma halakar da ɓangare na birnin. Arewa rabo daga cikin daular zama mai sauki manufa domin Normans. A 845 na jiragen ruwa, har da Elbe, ya zo Hamburg. A birnin da aka kusa hallaka, da yawa mazauna aka kashe. Wani Norman jiragen ruwa ya sauko da Seine zuwa Paris da kuma, tare da hamayya ba, washe shi. A 50-ies. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl da m amana da tsaro na Norman hare-hare na da takwaransa Robert neMai ƙarfi, ba shi da lakabi na Count na Paris. Daga baya, a cikin 987, babban-jikan Robert Gugo Kapet zama kafa na Faransa sarauta daular Capetian.

Ba ya kwanta daga barin bayan da yarjejeniyar da Verdun, da jikoki Karla Velikogo ya sha nanata} o} arin kama da dũkiyarku da juna. Saboda haka, a cikin 858 Jamus Ludwig kokarin daukar kursiyin Charles cikin m. Bi da bi, Charles da m kokarin kama ƙasar da ya dan'uwa - da 'ya'yan Sarkin sarakuna Lothair na, wanda ya mutu a 855. A 869, ya kama da Lorraine, amma ya raba shi da Louis da Jamus. A 875, bayan da danniya na Lothair daular, Karl nan da nan ya tafi zuwa Italiya domin na sarki kambi, kyalewa da hakkin ya wana Ludwig.

Paparoma John Sabunta shelar Sarkin sarakuna Karl, suna begen samun kariya daga Arab barazana. A 876, bayan mutuwar Ludwig da Jamus, Carl, kokarin tara dukan "Roman kuma Frankish daular" a hannunsa, mamaye Jamus, amma aka ci su da 'ya'ya maza na Ludwig. A halin yanzu, a Italiya, da Larabawa suka garzaya da ganuwar Roma. Paparoma ya kira sabon sarki don taimako. Carl baya sayi kashe da Normans lalatar da Seine kwarin, ba tare da so ya tafi zuwa 877 a Italiya, amma nan da nan ya sheƙo, tsoron farko na Jamus sojojin. A hanyar da ya fadi da rashin lafiya kuma ya rasu yana da shekaru 54 da shekaru. A labarai na sarki ta mutuwa reignited sha'awa a kan mayẽwa, ga kursiyin.

Ko m Charles basu amince da Italian Kasadar, inda ya bayyana cewa ya yi kome ba da ya yi a Italiya a lokacin da nasa mulki aka fadowa baya. Don neman yardarsu su, Karl kafin na biyu Italian yakin neman izini da hira da ƙasar benefices a hereditary mallaka, kazalika da gadar hali post count. Wannan umurnin ya a wuri da kuma shekara ta bazawa suna Kersiyskogo babi na gida 877 a jihar matsayi kirga da shugabannai aka juya zuwa cikin hereditary ya'yan sarakuna ba lakabi. A ƙasa, kafa da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba daular da yancin yankin sarakuna. "Ƙidaya alherin Allah" - ake magana a kansu a wasu 878 yankunan shugabanni.

Sarki na karshe daga cikin Carolingian daular wani lokaci na kara decentralization na sarauta da iko ƙasƙanci da katsewa na m yarns tattalin arziki da kuma statehood. Royal babi na gida shakka kira ga yaki da "mugunta looting da halaka." "Mene ne abin mamaki shi ne cewa ... mutane invading mu, sata mu dũkiya, idan kowanen mu yana ZAMBA ta kusa makwabcin?" - karanta sura gidan 884

Tsari qaddamar da yarjejeniyar da Verdun, juya a kira su unmanageable. Jikoki Charles yi wani mummunan misali ga yara da kuma vassals. A lokacin da suka internecine gwagwarmaya sani kafin harhada tare a fadar karaga, ya koya yadda za a motsa daga sansani guda zuwa wani, kar kishiya sarakunan duniya da kuma gata. By ƙarshen IX karni. Karl Veliky zai sani ba ya bar daular. Mallaki zuriyarsa ci gaba da "marmashe" a cikin Semi-m seigneury, da kuma daular zarar yagane inglorious karshen. A Italiya Carolingians mulki har 887 g a Gabas Francia (Jamus) - har zuwa 911; a West Francia (nan gaba France) - har zuwa 987

Musamman ban mamaki rabo samu Karin "tsakiya" na ƙasar. Bayan mutuwarsa a 855 daga cikinsu suna located a kan hagu banki na Rhine, aka canza kama zuwa wani m mulki, ya dauki fitar da ɗa na biyu Karin II. Yana da aka kira Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Kan gaba goma sha ƙarni Lorraine shi ne abu na gwagwarmaya tsakanin Faransa da kuma Jamus, wanda dade har zuwa karshen yakin duniya na biyu.

A cikin mahallin "seignorial rashin tsari," cikin zamanin Karla Velikogo fara ze "zinariya shekaru", kuma ya - da "mahaifin na Turai".