Seed: sabanin shawara da kuma abin da suke da abũbuwan amfãni

A yanayi, akwai hanyoyi da dama na haifuwa na shuka kwayoyin. Mafi yawan su suna hade da samuwar qware Kwayoyin: gametes ko spores. A mahaɗar tsakãninsu baya, wasu kungiyoyin na shuke-shuke samar da iri. Mene ne daban-daban daga cikin shawara da kuma yadda ta yi aiki? A wadannan da wasu tambayoyi na kimiyyar zamani ya riga ya san amsoshin. Bari mu fuskanci shi mu.

Spores da tsaba: tambaya juyin halitta

Rayuwa faro a cikin ruwa. Mutane da yawa mambobi ne na algae da tsira a wuya yanayi godiya ga ikon samar motile Kwayoyin na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu - zoospores. Saboda haka, sabanin da iri na spores da kuma gano a wani lokaci firam.

A farkon zo ƙasar sun mafi girma spore shuke-shuke. Mosses, kulob din mosses, horsetails da ferns an rarraba ta hanyar spores - sake yiwuwar tohowarsu Kwayoyin. Ba kamar ƙananan tsire-tsire - algae, sun kasance real masana'anta. Saboda haka, wannan rukuni na kwayoyin da samu a Generic sunan.

Next, a cikin tsarin juyin halitta a cikin yanayin wani iri shuke-shuke. Seed aka samar da Fusion na gametes - gametes. Wannan kungiyar hada gymnosperms conifers kuma angiosperms, flowering shuke-shuke da cewa ya zauna a rinjaye matsayi a cikin zamani shuka duniya.

Ma'ana sporulation

A spores iya samar da ba kawai shuke-shuke. Kwayoyin cuta (single-celled, prokaryotic kwayoyin) kuma jinsi tare da sa hannu na shawarwari. Bugu da kari, za su iya samun sauƙin tsira m yanayi via sake yiwuwar tohowarsu Kwayoyin. Saboda wannan da kwayoyin cuta zama mai yiwuwa lokacin da fallasa su ko rashin zafi ƙwarai, ionizing radiation.

Namomin kaza ne ma iya sporulation. Kuma wasu mold membobin wannan mulkin yanayi zai iya jefa su ga wani nesa na fiye da mita.

canzawar ƙarnõni

Ta yaya ne rayuwa sake zagayowar daga spore-qazanta shuke-shuke, za a iya dauke da wani misali na bryophytes. Green kafet na shuke-shuke da ake kira gametophyte, ko jima'i tsara. A ta musamman gabobin jam sel suna kafa. Amma lokacin da hadewar ba ya samar da zuriya. Ba kamar gametes musũ shi? Wannan jam sel, daga abin da wani wakilin asexual tsara - sporophyte. A gansakuka da shi ne a bushe kafa tare da akwatin a ciki na wanda girma spores. Da zarar a cikin ƙasa, sake yiwuwar tohowarsu Kwayoyin sprout sake, kafa kore gametophyte. Kuma haka shi zai fara sake.

A tsarin da iri

A iri shuke-shuke a cikin mahaɗar tsakãninsu namiji da mace gametes kafa jiki generative kiwo - iri. Ba kamar spores, shi yana da wani tayi (da samfur na gaba shuka). Yana da wani ɓangare na da amfrayo tushen, zangarniya kuma gemmule. Domin nan gaba ci gaban da shuka tayi ne kewaye da wata wadata da na gina jiki, wanda ake ce da endosperm, kuma aka bugu da žari kare da iri gashi. Wannan biyu rafta daga m muhalli da yanayi.

Tsaba suna sanya a kan Sikeli gymnosperms Cones bude. Amma angiosperms samar da wani ƙarin kariya a cikin nau'i na 'ya'yan itace.

A tsaba ne daban-daban daga cikin muhawara

Spores ne guda Kwayoyin. Su na iya bambanta a size, siffar, to suna da flagella ga motsi. Kuma bã su da wani aiki - tabbatar da sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, kwayoyin.

More m ɓangare na shuka ne wani iri. Abin da aka daban-daban daga cikin muhawara ne da ilimi? Da farko, abin da shi ne a jikin hada da qware Kwayoyin da kyallen takarda.

Domin ci gaba da kuma germination na spores bukatar ruwa da kuma da wadata na tsaba riga a cikin endosperm. Ba abin mamaki ba mosses da ferns an samu kawai a gumi wurare.

Mai tsaba suna cikin 'ya'yan itacen. Su ne a na'urar for karin kariya da kuma iri waste. Alal misali, a jerin MUG kuma da musamman majajjawa da suke da sauki don hašawa zuwa gashi dabbobi. Samara ash ɗauke da iska, da kuma akwatin kanta scatters da tsaba henbane mai kyau nesa.

Sel spores germinate kawai karkashin wani yanayi. Idan danshi, haske ko zafi ne kasa, da suka mutu. Tsaba, godiya ga Stock da zama dole kayan, iya hau daga m dalilai. Kuma tare da zuwan lokacin da ya dace don bayar da Yunƙurin zuwa wani sabon kwayoyin.

Wani bonus na tsaba ne su ikon saya sabon fasali, gyarawa a cikin genotype. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai wani sabon hade da kwayoyin abu da ci daga sel haihuwar. Amfani da wannan dukiya, shayarwa, masana kimiyya haifar da tsaba da m fasali. Abin da aka sani ga hunturu alkama, wanda ke tsiro ne kawai a cikin sanyi da kuma samar da hatsin da duk shekara zagaye.

Seed kuma spore shuke-shuke

A yau duniya na kayan lambu iri shuke-shuke zauna a rinjaye matsayi, matsayin pinnacle na tsarin juyin halitta. Idan muka magana game da jinsin bambancin, cewa kawai tsiren ruwan teku, yada Moss, lycopsids, horsetail da ferns haifa ta hanyar spores. All sauran shuke-shuke a duniya - da iri. Fir da apricot, itacen oak, ceri, wardi da furannin bi-rana ... duk tsire-tsire ba jera.

Reserve abubuwa, da tayi na gaba shuka kwayoyin, ƙarin kariya, da ikon yada - duk wadannan siffofin yana da iri, da yawa daban-daban daga cikin muhawara, bada su masu dama da muhimmanci abũbuwan amfãni.