Shekara tamanin 'War

A zamani historiography da aka sani da shekara tamanin 'War, shekara tamanin' War (1568 - 1648) - yaki goma sha bakwai Lardunan (sirri ƙungiyar na jihohi a Low Kasashen) ga 'yancin kai da ya fi iko a Turai, da Spanish Empire ƙarƙashin sarki Philip II.

Muna ba magana game da wani dogon yaki. A ko'ina cikin shekaru 80, ta ya bayyana a da yawa mutum tawayen ne ma Multi-shekara tsagaita wuta (a 1609 -1621 shekaru). A gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ga rabuwa na Arewa da Kudu na Netherlands da kuma samuwar na Jamhuriyar United Lardunan na Netherlands.

Mafi na kowa ra'ayi yana dauke da cewa shekara tamanin 'War fara tare da looting na majami'u da kuma convents a 1566.

A Sanadin wannan yunkuri saboda da matalauta tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki na mutane, babban haraji, zalunci da sabon Calvinist addini.

Katsewa da ke tsakanin Katolika da kuma sarki a daya hannun, a daya bangaren Calvinists da disgruntled fādawan da suke nema 'yanci don su bauta, ya kai ga fitina. The shugaban na Calvinists zama Vilgelm na Oransky.

Don kashe tawaye, Philip aika zuwa Low Kasashen da sabon gwamnan, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke na Alba, wanda aka sosai energetically fara don magance ta aiki. A ranar da ya dawo a Brussels a kai na Elite sojojin ya amince da Board cuta - fi sani da Kazamin Board saboda da yawa daga cikin yanke hukuncin kisa. Majalisar aka halitta azabta instigators na siyasa da kuma addini matsaloli a Netherlands. A cikin duka, a Duke na Alba daga 1567 zuwa 1573 shekaru, an kashe su game da 18 000 mutane a Netherlands.

Shekara tamanin 'War fara da biyu m mamayar a 1568 da kuma 1572, bi da bi, Vilgelma Oranskogo da hayar sojojin teku gozov, sababbu Dutch ƙasar da kuma na sojan ruwa sojojin. Saboda matalauta kudade da kuma kananan sojoji na goyon bayan jama'a da mamayewa aka wanzuwa daga farkon.

Amma quite bisa ga abke, kwace garin Brielle geuzen Afrilu 1, 1572, wanda ya zama wata ãyã ga Calvinists a lardunan Holland da kuma Zeeland da tashi a sake.

Spain kullum da nasara, amma da shekara tamanin 'War kudin su babbar tsabar kudi outlays. A wannan batun, da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka qaddamar, duk da haka, da suka kasa. A halin yanzu da Duke na Alba, wanda bai son Low Kasashen, da farko saboda da gumi sauyin yanayi, ya tambaye sau da yawa Philippe kwato shi daga aikinsu a matsayin Gwamna. Filibus, a karshen, m, kuma a 1573 wani sabon gwamnan da aka nada Luis De Rekezens. Amma a 1576, ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani.

Bugu da kari, a lokacin akwai wani magaji watanni da dama sojojin haya da aka ba biya albashi, da kuma Spanish sojojin da tsanani korafinsu, wanda ya ba da tashi zuwa haddin shari'a, da ake kira "Spanish fushi". Sojoji halakar da pillaged Antwerp, inda suka kashe 10,000 na da mazaunanta.

Juyin juya halin a Netherlands ci gaba kamar yadda wadannan yanayi kara karfafa tabbatar da dalilin da maharan a cimma da kasar ta samu 'yancin kai.

8 Nuwamba 1576 aka sanya hannu Pacification na Ghent. Holland, Zeeland da kuma kudancin (Katolika) lardin amince a kan addini juna da ragowa da juna co-aiki ga fitar da Spain daga Dutch ƙasar. Ghent shiga cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma sauran arewacin larduna.

Janairu 6, 1579 ƙungiyar aka raunana da ficewarsa daga cikin Walloon larduna Ghent yarjejeniyar sa hannu Arras jam'iyya, wadda suka bayyana biyayyarsu ga Spanish sarki. A mayar da martani, Janairu 23, 1579 a Utrecht jam'iyya da aka halitta da da Spanish da gwamna, ha bakwai arewacin lardunan da Netherlands da kuma kafa harsashin ginin don nan gaba m Jamhuriyar.

By 1588 Spanish, a lokacin da Gwamnan da Netherlands Alessandro Farnese, Duke Parma, reconquered ƙananan kudancin kasashen. A haihuwa na Dutch Jamhuriyar a arewa zo a karkashin harin. Amma Spain a layi daya jagoranci soja yaƙi da Ingila da kuma Faransa, wanda a yarda da Netherlands su fara wani counter-m

A lokacin da goma sha biyu-shekara tsagaita wuta (da 1609) iyakoki na Dutch Jihar karshe aka gyarawa.

By kuma manyan, da Netherlands bourgeois juyin juya halin maida hankali ne akan na farko shekaru hamsin da fada a tsakanin Spain da kuma Netherlands (1568 -1618). A lokacin da shekara talatin (1618 -1648) da rikici tsakanin Spain da kuma Netherlands, an garwaya da janar Turai yaki, da aka sani da shekaru talatin da 'War.