Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson da ka'idar management

Future shugaban kasar Amurka Vudro Vilson aka haife kan Disamba 28, 1856 a birnin Staunton - gari a arewacin Virginia. Yaron ya Irish kuma Scottish asalinsu. Woodrow uba ya zama Presbyterian theologian. Ya kasance mai taimako ga bauta, kuma bayan yakin basasa, da goyan bayan da Confederacy. Wilsons a coci ko bude wani asibiti domin rauni da sojoji.

Addini ya uba rinjayi Woodrow. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na da horo wuraren da ya zabi Davidson College, located in North Carolina da aka shirya domin ministoci na Presbyterian Church. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1875, Vudro Vilson tafi Princeton University, inda ya zama sha'awar a cikin tarihi da siyasa da falsafa.

kimiyya aiki

A 1882, wani matashi gwani samu damar fara aiki a matsayin lauya. Duk da haka, doka yi sauri taka rawar gani Wilson. The sosai shekara ta gaba, ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da msar tambayar nazarin da ya shiga kimiyya. Digiri na biyu dalibi sa suna a Johns Hopkins University, inda ya koya wa PhD. Degree aka samu a 1886. Ko kafin wannan, masana kimiyya ya rubuta wani littafi game da Amurka Congress, ga wanda ya samu lambar yabo na musamman da ya jami'a.

Kimiyya da kuma koyarwa aiki na nan gaba da manufofin da aka yafi dangantawa da Princeton University, inda ya kasance a cikin 1902-1910 shekaru. da ya gudanar da post na rector. da muhimman hakkokin biyar-girma "Tarihin jama'ar {asar Amirka," da aka rubuta a cikin ganuwar wannan ma'aikata.

Siyasa sana'a da kuma zaben shugaban kasa

Wilson gudanar da ra'ayoyi da Democratic Party. Kamar yadda ta takarar, a novice siyasa a 1910 an zabe gwamnan New Jersey. A ma'aikatan nan da nan ya fara aiki zamantakewa da sake fasalin qaddamar da Vudro Vilson zama. Brief biography na siyasa ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da ya ambaci wannan lokaci na rayuwarsa. Godiya ga kokarin da kuma inganta sabuwar dokoki a kan inshora, ya zama mai saba adadi duk-American sikelin.

A 1912, Democratic Party ba zato ba tsammani tura Wilson a matsayin dan takararta a zaben shugaban kasa na gaba. Wadanda zabi da sabon abu ga American zaben tsarin. Yawanci, ga wurin zama a cikin fadar White House jãyayya biyu main 'yan takara - Democratic kuma Republican jam'iyyun. A 1912, shi ne a saba gani sosai. Bugu da kari ga Wilson, tseren da hannu a protege na Republican Uilyam Taft (27th shugaban Amurka) da kuma rufe shi da zabe Teodor Ruzvelt (26th shugaban Amurka), wanda shi ne saboda da rikicin bar jam'iyyar Republican da kuma kafa kansa - Progressive. A tsaga ba zai tasiri a sakamakon zabe. Wilson amincewa ci Taft da Roosevelt, rabu da wani Republican rabin na American masu jefa} uri'a.

Ya shi cancanci nasarar, wanda a 1912, ya kai Vudro Vilson? Brief biography Democrat ya nuna cewa shi ne sabon abu ga post na shugaban kasar na Amurka a lokacin da adadi. Sabanin Wilson da fari shi ne cewa shi ya kasance wani kudancin kasar, da kuma iyalinsa, lokacin da yakin basasa da kuma goyan bayan da Confederate bawa. Kafin shi dukan shugabannin da aka haife shi a jihohin arewacin} asar. Idan shi bai faru ba tsaga tsakanin Taft da Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson zai lashe. Duk da haka, da yanayi sun taka a hannun Democrat, da kuma yanzu da ya yi ya tabbatar da ya cancanci bashi amana da aka ba shi ta hanyar American masu jefa} uri'a.

m siyasa

Major sake fasalin a cikin ciki siyasa na farko lokaci Wilson ya ya yi hira da Amurka kudi na'urar. A 1913 ya kafa Tarayya Reserve System. Wannan sabon jiki tare da wani m umarni. A Fed fara yi da ayyuka na babban bankin da kuma motsa jiki da iko a kan bankunan da ke aiki a Amurka. Tarayya Reserve System tun da aka kafa daban-daban m matsayi. Alal misali, ba ta bukatar da amincewar shugaban kasa domin aiwatar da monetary da bashi da manufofin yanke shawara. A daidai wannan lokaci, iko a kan Fed samu Congress.

Ko a yau a Amurka ya ci gaba da aiki ne da wannan tsarin da cewa qaddamar da kafa wanda ya Vudro Vilson. Jama'a gwamnatin shi da za'ayi, manne ga dokokin cak da ma'auni. Lokacin da Wilson ikon na'urar da bai taba aka adalci - ba daya daga rassan (zartarwa, majalisa da kuma ma'aikatar shari'a) ba zai iya gabatar da tafarkinsa a fadin kasar. Fed ta kafa shi ne daya daga cikin matakai a gyara ba domin.

A cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama

Woodrow Wilson ya zama shugaban kasar a cikin wani firgita zamanin ga mutãne. A shekara ta 1914, yakin duniya na fara a Turai. Da farko, da shugaban kasar Amurka ya yi dukan abin yiwu ba ga unsa kasarsa a cikin rikici a Old World. A lokaci guda yana kokarin zama a tsagaita wuta tsakanin takaddama jam'iyyun, ko da yake shawara don tattaunawa zo don kome gubar. 'Yan Republican yi imani da cewa shugaban kasar Vudro Vilson sa kuskure, abu mai zaman lafiya da siyasa, da kuma kullum ya soki shi ga zaba kasashen waje da manufofin.

A May 1915, wani Jamus submarine nutse cikin shafi "Lusitania", wanda ya tafi Ireland karkashin Birtaniya flag. A kan jirgin fasinja jirgin wani babban yawan jama'ar Amurka (124 mutane). Ga mutuwar sa a flurry na haushinka a Amurka. Bayan wannan episode, har ma fiye da aka soki pacifism manufofin da aka bayar da shawarar da ta Vudro Vilson. Biography of wannan dattaku, kamar wani shugaban Amurka, yana cike da aukuwa a lokacin da ya yi a yi wuya yanke shawara. Saboda haka wannan lokacin, a fadar White House bukaci Jamus gushe takaita submarine yaƙi, saboda wanda aka rasa "Lizitaniya". Jamus ba hanya. A lokaci guda, Wilson kokarin lallashe da Birtaniya rage makiya sojan ruwa kawancen. The shawarwari na aikin hukuma Washington da London ya kai ga wasu sanyaya na da dangantaka.

Jamus ta ayyana yaki

An wani kasashen waje da manufofin yanayi ya zama wani key factor a zaben shugaban kasar na 1916, a cikin abin da Wilson da aka gudanar a karo na biyu. Ya yakin neman zabe da aka dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa ya ya iya ci gaba da United States daga shiga wata babbar yaki. Babban abokin hamayyarsa na farko fuska shi ne dan takarar Republican Charlz Hyuz. Zaben ya nuna kusan daidai shahararsa adawar. A wasu jihohin da mafi ƙarancin rushewa Hughes lashe a wasu - Wilson. A ƙarshe, shi ne a sakamako da shugaba gudanar riƙe da coveted wurin zama.

A watan bayan shan ofishin, Wilson qaddamar da furucin na yaƙi da jamus. Menene dalilin da cewa wani m bi da bi? Da fari dai, da Jamus, duk da alkawuran, sun maido da submarine yaki da sake barazanar American jiragen ruwa da kuma jama'a da su yi tafiya zuwa Turai. Abu na biyu, Birtaniya m intercepted wani da ake kira "Zimmermann sakon waya" da kuma mika shi ga Amurka. Jigon da daftarin aiki shi ne cewa da Jamus da aka bukaci Mexico don bayyana yaki a kan ta arewacin maƙwabcinsa idan Washington har yanzu ya yi hamayya da da Reich. Sakon waya Jamus Ministan harkokin wajen kasar Artura Tsimmermana aka buga a cikin latsa. A cikin United States sake bubbled anti-German jin zuciya. Da wannan bango, Woodrow Wilson ta diflomasiyya ta sharply canza tafarkinsa. Afrilu 6, 1917 Amurka ayyana yaki kan Jamus Empire.

"Goma sha huɗu Points"

Da farko a Washington ƙwarai fadada shirin na sojan ruwa da taimakon tattalin arziki ga majiɓinta. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, Amurka ta ba su shiga cikin Entente, da kuma amsa a matsayin wani aboki kasar. All gaban aiki jagorancin Janar Dzhon Pershing. A watan Oktoba 1917, American sojojin sun kasance a Faransa, da kuma a cikin Yuli 1918 - a Italiya.

Wilson, bi da bi, ya jagoranci diflomasiyya. Ya tsara sanannen "Goma sha huɗu Points." A da shirin na nan gaba duniya domin. Wilson fatan gina wani tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa a cikin abin da yiwuwar yaki za a rage zuwa m. Key bayani, aiwatar daidai da shirin na shugaban kasar Amurka, ya kafa na League of Nations. Wannan kungiya shi ne karo na farko da irin. Yau, da na halitta precursor zuwa United Nations ce. "Goma sha huɗu Points" An fili tsara Janairu 8, 1918 a wani jawabin da Vudro Vilson yi magana kafin Congress. Ambato daga gare shi nan da nan ya fadi a duk manyan jaridu.

Paris zaman lafiya taro

Amurka shiga yaƙi da jamus ne riga a karshe mataki na cikin rikici. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1918, Central Powers karshe aka ci, duk da su raba zaman lafiya tare da Soviet Rasha. Yanzu rinjãya kasashen sun ƙayyade nan gaba na dangantakar kasa da kasa. A saboda wannan dalili shi aka gudanar da Paris Aminci Conference. Ta ya yi aiki ga daidai shekara guda - daga Janairu 1919 zuwa Janairu 1920. Na dauki bangare a shi, kuma da shugaban kasar Amurka. Watanni da dama da gidan Woodrow Wilson koma daga Washington zuwa Paris.

A taron da aka sanya hannu dama na zaman lafiya yarjejeniyarsu, canji kan iyakoki a Turai, halitta sabon jihohi, kafa League of Nations. Ko da yake Mafarin da ya faru shi ne sunan da shugaban kasar Amurka, da majalisar dattijai ya ki tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a kan League of Nations (a lokacin da mafiya yawa daga ya zama na 'yan adawa, da' yan jam'iyyar Republican). Saboda wannan paradoxical halin da ake ciki - da duniya kungiyar fara ta aikin ba tare da Amurka. Duk da haka, shi ya Wilson da "sha huɗu Points" ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Paris taron. A shekara ta 1919, da Nobel kwamitin bayar da lambar yabo da shugaban kasar Amurka domin zaman Nobel Prize.

A ka'idar shugabanci

Bugu da kari ga harkar siyasa, Vudro Vilson aka sanshi tun da ya halitta na zamani tsarin na administrative shugabanci na USA. A 1887, kamar yadda wani farfesa, ya aza harsashin ginin a msar tambayar ci gaban wannan batun. Wilson tsara ra'ayoyi a wani seminal labarin, "The kimiyya na jama'a gwamnati", da aka buga a 1887.

Future shugaban kasar Amurka ya duba matsalolin da cewa tsaya a cikin hanyar sake fasalin a mulkin demokra] iyya kasashen. Ya lura da cewa, duk wani manyan canje-canje a jihar ne sakamakon wani jayayya tsakanin biyu sojojin - gwamnatin da ra'ayin jama'a. A lokaci guda Vudro Vilson jaddada: yin muhimmanci siyasa yanke shawara ba za a iya danƙa taro, ba da sanin jigon da siyasa Hakika na kasar da kuma ta kasa da bukatun. Maimakon haka, marubucin samarwa wani sabon ka'idar tasiri ra'ayin jama'a don haka kamar yadda ya shawo mutane daga cikin larura na wasu sauye-sauye.

Art ikon jihar kan kasar idan aka kwatanta da kasuwanci farfesa. Wannan sakon da aka fi mayar da annabci. Fiye da shekara ɗari bayan da Wilson labarin, capitalism haifar da wata babbar kamfani, wanda ta hanyar siyasa da nauyi a wata hanya ba, baya ga wasu kasashen, da kuma su manajoji iya samun wani gagarumin tasiri a kan al'umma. Amma yana da ba kawai da sikelin. Control hanyoyin da tasiri management na kamfanin da kuma jihar manajan gaske da yawa a cikin na kowa (musamman a cikin tattalin arziki bangaren). A lokuta biyu, kana bukatar ka samu wani gwani tawagar magoya bayan, ya kamata raba iko wajen saka idanu da kasafin kudin da fafatawa a gasa.

The hulda da 'yan siyasa da kuma burokrasi

Wilson muhimmanci sabawa rubuce-rubucensu shi ne ra'ayin rabuwa da administrative da siyasa management - na farko ya kwanta a kan kafadu na burokrasi, da kuma na biyu ya kasance a cikin iyawa na "farko mutum". Wannan ra'ayi ne da goyan bayan wani shahararren American kimiyyar siyasa da kuma malama Frank Goodnow. Biyu theorists zana a sarari iyaka tsakanin ma'aikata da kuma 'yan siyasa, da kuma imani da cewa dangantaka tsakanin su ya kamata a dogara ne a kan manufa da mika wuya. Daya dole ne ku yi ɗã'ã ga wasu. A cikin hali na kula da 'yan siyasa a kan bureaucrats ba su iya samun hannu a siyasa, kuma za kawai yi ta aiki yadda ya kamata.

Vudro Vilson da kuma Frank Goodnow bayar da shawarwari da ra'ayin cewa wannan dangantaka tsiraru da tabbatar da ci gaban dimokuradiyya. A cikin tsarin siyasa da jagoranci da kuma dokokin ayyana key ayyuka na ma'aikata. Bisa ga dukkan wadannan theses management ka'idar Woodrow Wilson farko kokarin haskaka da batutuwa da amsa tambayoyi game da abin da ya kamata da tasiri management da kuma kimiyya management. Yana da muhimmanci cewa marubucin manufar yi inuwa da muhimmancin da siyasa akidar jihar.

Mutuwa, kuma wasiyya

1919 Wilson ya zama daya daga cikin mafi stressful. Ya ne kullum motsi, a duniya, da aka tsunduma cikin taro, ya yi kira ga majalisar dattijai domin tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da Accession zuwa League of Nations. Kan bango na danniya da kuma gajiya Wilson buga wani bugun jini. A watan Oktoba 1919, ya gurgunta gefen hagu na jiki, haka ma, wani mutum makafi a daya ido. A gaskiya, tun da shugaban kasar ya zama incapacitated. Kafin ƙarshen iko da mafi yawan aikinsu na farko mutum ya fadi a kan kafadu na barorinsa. Bisa ga tsarin mulkin kasar, mataimakin shugaban kasar Thomas Marshall iya dauka da post na shugaba, amma bai je wannan mataki.

A watan Maris 1921, Wilson bar fadar White House. Shugaban ya mai Republican Uorren Garding. New gida na Woodrow Wilson a birnin Washington. Da sauran ya kwana, da tsohon shugaban kasar ya ciyar a waje da harkokin siyasa. Saboda ya yanayin ya kauce masa talla. Wilson ya mutu a kan Fabrairu 3, 1924.

Amirkawa ke son memory na ta 28th shugaban kasa. A shekarar 1968, Congress kafa ta kasa da kasa Research Center of Woodrow Wilson. A wani musamman aiki na da ma'aikata an kira wani "mai rai tunawa" Memory shugaban kasa. A binciken da cibiyar masana kimiyya aiki, da ikon yinsa, daga abin da yake a kimiyyar siyasa - a magana a cikin abin da Wilson ya marubucin mai yawan m msar tambayar ideas.