A farko mutum spacewalk kwanan wata, ban sha'awa facts

A watan Maris shekarar 1965, ya dauki jirgin "Voskhod-2" kumbon sama jannati. Kafin wani ƙungiya daga 'yan saman jannati PA Belyaev da AA Leonov da wani wuya amma da muhimmanci sosai aiki - domin su gudanar da wani mutum ta farko-taba sarari yawo.

A kai tsaye aiwatar da gwaji fadi zuwa Alekseya Leonova, da kuma a kan Maris 18 ya samu nasarar sun jimre da shi. Cosmonaut tafi a sararin samaniya, daga jirgin a 5 mita da kuma gudanar bayan a total na 12 minti kuma 9 da dakika.

Flight na "Voskhod" ba, ba tare m yanayi da kuma m lokuta. Yana da wuya a bayyana nawa shafi tunanin mutum da kuma ta jiki ƙarfi ya ciyar da mutanen da suka shirya wannan babban gwaji - wani mutum spacewalk. Ban sha'awa facts da kadan-san cikakken bayani game da jirgin da kuma ta zama tushen ga shirye-shiryen da wannan labarin.

ra'ayin

Da ra'ayin cewa wani mutum ya spacewalk ne zai yiwu, ya bayyana a Queen, a 1963. Zanen zaci cewa nan da sannu wannan kwarewa ne ba kawai kyawawa, amma tilas. Ya kasance dama. A m shekarun da suka gabata, astronautics ci gaba cikin sauri. Alal misali, rike da al'ada aiki na ISS a duk dã ya kasance ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da wani waje taro kuma gyara aikin, wanda sake tabbatar da yadda dole ya kasance mutum na farko spacewalk. 1964 shi ne farkon farko na aikin horo domin wannan gwaji.

Amma sa'an nan, a shekarar 1964, don gane da irin wannan tsoro aikin, ya wajaba ga tsanani la'akari da zane na jirgin. A sakamakon haka, tushen da aka dauka da tabbatar da "Voskhod-1". Daya daga cikin portholes maye gurbin karshen mako ƙofa, kazalika da rage yawan ma'aikatan jirgin daga uku zuwa biyu. Ta kasance wani inflatable airlock da aka located waje cikin jirgin. Bayan kammala gwaji, kafin saukowa, shi kuwa yana da raba daga jiki. Saboda haka akwai wani sararin "Voskhod-2".

Akwai wani, mafi tsanani matsalar. Daidai da m gwajin da ya wajaba don farko aiki a kan dabbobi. Duk da haka, ba shi sama, da la'akari da cewa ci gaban musamman kwat da wando ga dabbobin - shi ma troublesome da m. Bayan haka, ba zai ba da amsa ga babban tambaya: yadda mutane za su nuna hali a cikin sarari? Aka yanke shawarar gudanar da gwaje gwajen a kan mutane gaba daya.

Yau, 'yan saman jannati ne iya barin jirgin for' yan sa'o'i, kuma ku ciyar a cikin wani fili ne sosai rikitarwa jan. Amma a cikin shekaru 60 da ya zama kamar ma kamar cikakken fantasy, ko ma ya kashe kansa.

ƙungiya

Da farko, wani rukuni na 'yan saman jannati shirya domin jirgin kunshi Leonov, Gorbatko da Khrunov. Belyaev ya a kan gãɓar rãmi na kore shi daga cosmonaut ga jinsin kiwon lafiya dalilai, da kuma kawai a nema na Gagarin shi aka kunshe a cikin horo da kungiyar zuwa tashi.

A sakamakon haka, biyu daga cikin matukan jirgin da aka kafa: babban - Belyayev, Leonov - da kuma ajiye - Gorbatko, Khrunov. The ƙungiya daga wannan balaguro da aka gabatar na musamman da bukatun. A tawagar yi aiki a matsayin naúrar, da kuma 'yan saman jannati - zama jituwa da juna cikin sharuddan tunani.

Test sakamakon ya nuna cewa Belyaev yana mai kamewa da kuma kwanciyar hankali, iya ba to rasa your shugaban a kowane irin yanayi, kuma Leonov, a akasin haka, impetuous, m, amma dada jarumi da kuma m. Wadannan biyu maza, saboda haka daban-daban a cikin halin, iya daidai guda biyu, wanda shi ne ake bukata kafun domin aiwatar da farko mutum spacewalk.

horo

A farko da watanni uku na 'yan saman jannati aka karatu da zane na sabuwar jirgin da kuma kayan aiki, bi da dadewa horo a weightless yanayi. Wannan bukata maneuverable jirgin sama da kuma sosai gogaggen matukin jirgi wanda zai iya amince yi aerobatics. Per hour jirgin jirgin sama ya iya canzawa weightlessness a total na game 2 minti. A lokacin da wannan lokaci da 'yan saman jannati da a yi lokaci zuwa aiki daga duk na shirya shirin.

Da farko ya tashi MiG Sparky, amma Shades da 'yan saman jannati sami ikon motsa. An yanke shawarar daukar wani karin fili Tu-104LL. Ciki da jirgin saman layout na kumbon sama jannati aka shigar da kulle masallaci, a cikin wannan makeshift na'urar kwaikwayo da kuma wuce asali horo.

m kara

Yau a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya sarari, za ka iya ganin wannan kwat da wando, a cikin abin da Leonov gane mutum spacewalk. Photo na murmushi jannati ta kwalkwali da rubutu "Tarayyar Soviet" yi tafiya a kusa da duk jaridu na duniya, amma ba wanda zai iya yi zaton zace yadda kokarin ya daraja da murmushi.

Musamman ga "Voskhod-2" musamman sarari kara aka ɓullo da aka menacing sunan "Berkut". Sun kara shãfe haske ambulaf da kuma sanya a baya da jannati jakarka ta baya rai goyon bayan tsarin. Domin mafi haske gani ko canza launi da kara maimakon gargajiya orange amfani White. Total nauyi "Golden Eagle" ya game 100 kg.

All horo ya riga a spacesuits, tsaro tsarin bar yawa da za a so. The iska wadata da aka sanya musamman rauni, wanda ke nufin cewa a motsawarsa cosmonaut nan da nan ya rufe da gumi daga iri.

Bugu da kari, da kara sun sosai m. Sun kasance haka m cewa wani dunkulallen hannu, an da ake bukata domin yin wani kokarin a kusan 25 kilo. Don su iya yi a irin tufafin da wani motsi, da shi da za a kullum horar. A aikin da aka sa, amma 'yan saman jannati sun taurare don ya burin - yi yiwu ga mutum spacewalk. Leonov, ta hanyar, aka dauke mafi iko da kuma dawwama a cikin ƙungiyar, wanda aka fi mayar da qaddara ya muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gwaji.

misali kwaikwayon

A tsakiyar horo a Moscow zo da wani babban abokina da Tarayyar Soviet Charles de Gaulle da Khrushchev yanke shawarar nuna kashe a gaban shi nasarorin da Soviet nazarin sararin samaniya. Ya yanke shawarar nuna Faransa, a matsayin 'yan saman jannati aiki fita mutum spacewalk. Yana nan da nan ya bayyana cewa real jirgin aiko kawai da matukan jirgin, wanda zai shiga cikin wannan "misali". By domin na Gagarin a cikin wannan muhimmanci lokacin Khrunova maye gurbin Belyaev. Bisa ga memoirs Khrunova, bai fahimci dalilin wannan canji na dogon lokaci kiyaye su a zuciya a kan Gagarin ga wannan inexplicable yi.

Gagarin daga baya ya bayyana Khrunov matsayinsa, ya yi imani cewa ya zama dole ba Belyaev karshe damar tashi cikin sarari. Sun Khrunov iya yi shi sa'an nan fiye da sau daya zuwa guda Belyaev mafi dace Leonov daga m ra'ayi.

Masifa kafin a fara

A lokacin da rana akwai wani babban matsala ga fara. Saboda sakaci na wani soja matsara posted daga cikin abin hawa don duba tightness na inflatable ƙofar ba zato ba tsammani ya fadi kuma ya karya. Kayayyakin da aka ba, sabili da haka aka yanke shawarar yin amfani da mafi, inda 'yan saman jannati horar da na dogon lokaci. Wannan lamarin zai iya kasance m, amma sa'a, kome ya faru, akai-akai amfani da ƙofa ci, kuma mutum na farko da spacewalk nasarar gudanar.

amfanin ƙasa sarari

Game da mutum hali zama a sarari mai yawa theories. Detractors da'awar cewa sama jannati zuwa tafiya waje da sararin, sa'an nan welded zuwa zai kasance iya matsar da ko aikata tafi mahaukaci ne. Yana da wuya su yi tunanin abin da kuma zai iya wani mutum juya a cikin wani spacewalk. 1965 zai iya sauƙi zama shekarar da babban gazawar da Soviet sarari shirin. Duk da haka, don tabbatar da ko refute pessimistic ka'idar iya kawai gudanar da aiki.

Bugu da kari, a lokacin da shi ba tukuna raya wani ceto tsarin. Abinda aka yi ga 'yan saman jannati - shi ne wani ƙuduri wanda idan, kawai bude kofa da sa hannunsa.

Lokacin da jirgin ya shiga saiti madawwama biyu, Leonov fara shirya domin fita. Duk abin ya tafi daidai da shirin, a lokacin da sa'a guda daga X, xan sama jannatin m tura kashe da kuma na iyo daga airlock cikin sarari.

Mummunan tsinkaya daga masu shakka ba su zo gaskiya, kuma, xan sama jannatin da aka ji kyawawan kyau. Ya cika duk wajabta shirin, kuma yana da lokaci zuwa komawa zuwa jirgin. Tare da wannan akwai wasu matsaloli. Kumbura a sifili nauyi sarari kwat da wando ya Leonov shiga ƙofa. Sa'an nan, ya, ba tare da tuntubar kowa ba, da kansa ya dawo da matsa lamba a cikin spacesuit da kuma shiga headfirst cikin kulle, kuma ba sabanin haka ba, kamar yadda aka shirya. A farko mutum spacewalk aka kammala, da kuma Alexei Leonov har abada rubũtacce sunansa a cikin tarihi na nazarin sararin samaniya.

PE downhill

"Voskhod-2" yana mai yawa flaws, kuma bayan nasara kammala jirgin shirin ya gaggawa. Lokacin da harbi da fitarwa ƙofa zuwa rufe sama da hasken rana-gagarumi na'urori masu auna sigina fuskantarwa. Lokacin da jirgin ya yin ya 16th madawwama biyu a kusa da Earth, daga MCC samu umarnin da samun koma baya. Amma da jirgin na ci gaba da tashi, kamar yadda idan babu abin da ya faru. Lokacin da ya tafi a cikin 17th zagaye, ya bayyana cewa atomatik fuskantarwa da tsarin bai yi aiki ba, da kuma matukan jirgin ya canzawa zuwa manual iko. Flight, babban aiki na wanda ya mutum spacewalk zai iya kawo karshen cikin bala'i.

A da kudin da babban kokarin da Belyaev da Leonov kõma iko da jirgin, amma har yanzu marigayi tare da engine kashe kusan minti daya. A sakamakon shirya saukowa site ne karshe kan da kuma jawo module komai a fili a cikin m gandun daji na Perm.

A ceto aiki

A 'yan saman jannati sun kasance a hunturu gandun daji dogon kwana biyu. Duk da haka, wanda helikofta har yanzu kokarin jefa su dumi tufafi, amma aka rasa, da kuma kunshi aka rasa a cikin snowdrifts.

The saukar ungulu ba su iya kasa a zurfin snow daga itãce, kuma 'yan saman jannati ba su da zama dole kayan aiki ko don sare itatuwa ko don zuba ruwa a kan dusar ƙanƙara da kankara yi makeshift saukowa kushin. Daga qarshe tawagar ceto kai gindin daskararre 'yan saman jannati da kuma zai iya haifar da su daga cikin gandun daji kurmi.

Duk da dukan matsaloli na shirye-shiryen da kuma m faru a lokacin da jirgin, Belyayev da Leonov jimre ta babban aiki - don gudanar da wani mutum spacewalk. A ranar da wannan taron ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci turakun a cikin tarihi na Soviet sarari shirin.