Taiping tawaye a kasar Sin 1850-1864 shekaru

Taiping tawaye a kasar Sin (1850-1864 gg.) - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kasar. Wanda ya jagoranci zuwa farkon da manoma 'War da kuma yadda wannan taron ya shafa da kara ci gaban jihar? Karanta game da shi a kan.

China kan Hauwa'u na tawaye

A farkon da XIX karni, kasar Sin ta shiga wani lokaci na zurfin rikicin, wanda ya watsu duk duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa. Da siyasa bayyananen fara kara antimanchzhurskih jin zuciya (tun ƙarshen XVIII karni. Was a ikon daular Qing, ya jagoranci da Manchurian daular) da kuma tasowar tayar da kayar baya. A rikicin shi ne babban dalilin da "rufe" na kasar domin cinikayya da Birtaniya da kuma Indian fatake. China ta kai-kadaici ya kai ga farko Opium War da Birtaniya. A sakamakon da m ayyuka na kasashen Turai da manufofin na "rufe" an gama. Sin ya fara juya a cikin wani Semi-mallaka.

A sha kashi a farko Opium War kuma kara aiki intrusion a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar na waje babban birnin kasar sun gurgunta da daraja na jam'iyyar daular. Kuma shi ne a wannan lokaci a kasar Sin, wani sabon oppositional akida, wadda ke dauke da uba na Hun Syutsyuan.

A akidar da Taiping

Hun Syutsyuan - babban ideologist na Taiping motsi. An haife shi a 1813 kusa da Guangzhou. Mahaifinsa wani matalauta Sin hukuma. A nan gaba shugaban na Taiping tawaye akai-akai kokarin wuce na musamman jarrabawa cika jama'a ofishin. Duk da haka, dukan yunkurin kasance m. A lokacin karatunsa a Guangzhou, sai ya sadu da Kirista ideas cewa rayayye shiga cikin kasar ta hanyar da ayyukan Turai manufa. Hun Syutsyuan fara koya wani wanda ba a sani addini. Tuni a 1843 ya halicci Kirista kungiya da ake kira "Society of Uba."

Ka yi la'akari da ainihin ra'ayin koyarwar Hong Xiuquan.

1. Yana da aka dogara ne a kan wani tunani na Triniti Mai Tsarki. A lokaci guda Hun Syutsyuan kansa kunshe a abun da ke ciki a matsayin ƙaramin dan'uwan Yesu Almasihu. A wannan batun, duk da ayyuka shi ne bi da matsayin "ƙaddara Allah."
2. Hong Xiuquan kuma yi kira ga Kirista ra'ayin "mulkin Allah." Yana corresponded zuwa zamanin da na Sin ra'ayi na "kawai jama'a." A wannan batun, Taiping da fore da ra'ayin daidaici da kuma kauna.
3. A halayyar alama na Taiping akidar da aka ta antimanchuzhrskaya fuskantarwa. A cikin wa'azin, ya ce cewa daular Qing da za a kifar. Bugu da kari, da Taiping kira ga jiki kawar da Manchuria.
4. Followers of Hong Xiuquan tsayayya Confucianism da sauran madadin addinai, amma a lokaci guda aro daga gare su, da wasu ideas (misali, ra'ayin "fannin tsoron").
5. Babban manufar kungiyar - halittar Taiping Tiangui (Samaniya mai jindadin jihar).

A farkon tawaye da kuma periodization

A lokacin rani na 1850 ya fara Tszintyanskoe tawaye. Taiping dauke da halin da ake ciki a kasar m for bude mataki da gwamnatin, wanda aka gangarawa ta daular Qing. 10 dubu. 'Yan tawayen mayar da hankali a yankin na kauye Tszintyan a kudancin jihar Guangxi lardin.

11 Janairu, 1850 aka sanar farkon tawaye.

A mataki na farko a gwagwarmayar Taiping nufin da farko, 'yanto kasar Sin. Qing (daular cewa mulki nan fiye da shekaru 100) da aka ayyana da abokan gaba da kuma dole ne a kifar.

A general, masu bincike sun yarda da cewa Taiping tawaye a kasar Sin a cikin ci gaban 4 babban matakai:

Phase 1 maida hankali ne akan 1850-1853 biennium. Wannan lokaci da m nasarar da Taiping sojojin. A cikin watan Satumba 1851, ta ci birnin na Yunan. A nan ne harsãshensa aka dage farawa daga cikin Taiping State.

Stage 2 - 1853-1856. Farko na wani sabon lokaci na gwagwarmaya kiwon kama daga 'yan tawayen na birnin Nanjing. A wannan mataki, Taiping aika da babban karfi a fadada daga cikin jihar.

3 a lokacin da baƙauye War a kasar Sin dade daga 1856 zuwa 1860 By lokacin shi ya zo daidai da na biyu Opium War.

Stage 4 rufe 1860-1864 shekaru. Ya aka alama ta wani bude bakin soji na kasashen yammacin Duniya a kasar Sin da kuma Hong Xiuquan kashe kansa.

A rukunin farko na yaki

A 1851, Taiping koma zuwa arewa na jihar Guangxi. Ga su shagaltar da birnin na Yunan, inda ya kafa gwamnati.

A shugaban sabuwar jihar shi da Yan Syutsin. Ya samu saman aiki a matsayin "Gabas sarakuna" (kamar yadda ya samu title of "Kakaki, na Allah") da kuma mayar da hankali a hannuwansu da gwamnati da kuma sojojin da jagoranci. Bugu da kari, shugaban na jihar kasance har yanzu Taiping 3 Prince (West - Xiao Chaoguy, Northern - Wei Chanhuey da kuma ta Kudu - Feng, dangantaka) da kuma Mataimakin Shi Duck.

A watan Disamba, 1852 da Taiping sojoji suka yi nisa da tushe na Kogin Yangtze, zuwa gabashin kasar. A Janairu 1853, sun kasance iya dauka da muhimmanci yana kokarin yankin - Tri Wuhan, wanda hada da birane kamar Wuchang, Hanyang da Hankou. A soja nasarorin da Taiping sojojin kara da shahararsa ta Hong Xiuquan ideas cikin gida yawan, don haka 'yan tawayen da darajõji aka kullum uwa. By 1853, yawan 'yan tawayen ya wuce dubu 500,. Man.

Bayan kama da Tricity Wuhan insurgent sojoji suka yi a lardin Anhui da kuma ya dauka ta fi muhimmanci birane.

A watan Maris 1853 Taiping kutsa daya daga cikin mafi girma a Sin birane na Nanjing, wanda sai ya zama babban birnin kasar na jihar. Wannan taron alama karshen na farko da kuma na biyu lokaci na baƙauye yaki.

Organization na Taiping Jihar

Baƙauye War a kasar Sin ya fara ne a 1850, kuma a shekara daga baya a kudancin kasar da aka halitta Taiping State. La'akari da ka'idojin da ta kungiyar a cikin daki-daki.

• Tun 1853 babban birnin jihar ne birnin Nanjing.
• A cikin na'urar Taiping Tiangui ya daular mulkinsu.
• Bisa ga harafin - wani waɗanda Allah ya bayyana ( 'yan tawayen ya dage a kan wani cikakken ci daga coci da kuma hukumomin gwamnati).
• The girma na yawan mutane manoma. Su bukatun yawanci za'ayi da gwamnatin.
• A maras muhimmanci shugaban kasa ya yi ĩmãni Hun Syutsyuan, amma kusan dukan ikon da ke cikin hannun "Prince na Gabas" da kuma "bãyar da Allah" Yan Syutsina.

muhimmanci daftarin aiki mai taken "Land System na sama daular" da aka buga a 1853. A gaskiya, ya zama da kundin tsarin mulki na Taiping sabuwar kafa jihar. Wannan dokar ta furta ba kawai aikin gona da manufofin tsarin, amma kuma da ka'idodi na Gudanarwa tsarin da kasar.

"Land System na sama daular" hada da kayan sarki kungiyar na patriarchal al'ummomi. Saboda haka, kowace 25 baƙauye iyalan zarcewa a raba al'umma. mutum daya da aka zamar masa dole ya yi aikin soja na kowane iyali.

Tun lokacin rani na 1850 a Taiping yanayi ta kafa wani tsarin da ake kira "alfarma vaults." Daga cikin wadannan, da 'yan tawayen da kuma iyalansu suka karɓi abinci, kudi da kuma tufafi. "Alfarma ajiya" bayansa da ganĩma. A daidai wannan lokaci, masu zaman kansu da ikon mallakar aka dakatar a cikin Taiping State.

A sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Taiping jihar, a gaskiya, mafarki na manoma, game da daidaito da kuma kawar da manyan ƙasar Holdings na gonaki. Duk da haka, wannan daftarin aiki da aka rubuta a cikin "littafin" harshen unknown ga mafi yawan jama'a. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kundin tsarin mulki ya ba zama dalilin wani real siyasa shugabannin Taiping tawaye.

Na biyu lokaci na yaki

Taiping tawaye ne samun sabon ƙarfi tun 1853. Farko na wani sabon lokaci na yaki alama da kama da na 'yan tawayen da most Sin birnin Nanjing. A wannan lokacin, Taiping yi yaƙi da wuya a fadada iyaka da sabuwar kafa jihar.

A May 1853 aka yanke shawarar kaddamar da Arewa Fe. Its main haƙiƙa ya kama Beijing - babban birnin kasar Sin. A Arewa Fe aka aiko haɗuwar jama'a biyu. A watan Yuni, aka gudanar da wani gaza kama Huaytsiya. Bugu da ari, sojojin koma cikin lardin Shanxi, sa'an nan - Zhili.

A watan Oktoba, Taiping sojojin zo zuwa Tianjin (na karshe outpost a kan hanyar zuwa Beijing). Duk da haka, ta hanyar wannan lokaci da sojojin da aka mugun ya raunana. Bugu da kari, mai tsanani hunturu zo. Taiping sha wahala ba kawai daga sanyi, amma kuma daga rashin kayayyaki. Taiping sojojin rasa da yawa sojoji. Wannan duk ya kai ga shan kashi na 'yan tawaye a Arewacin Fe. A watan Fabrairu 1854 sojojin bar lardin Tianjin.

A gaskiya, duka biyu da Arewa da kuma West fara gangamin na Taiping sojojin. 'Yan tawayen da sojojin karkashin jagorancin Shi Duck. Manufar wannan yakin da aka fadada iyakoki na Taiping jihar yammacin Nanjing da kuma fadawar sabon yankuna a tsakiyar kai na Kogin Yangtze. A watan Yuni, 'yan tawayen gudanar ya sake samu rasa kafin birnin Anqing, kuma daga baya - da kuma sauran muhimman abubuwa. Winter 1855 Shi Dakaya sojojin sake lashe birni Tricity Wuhan.

A general, da kasashen yammacin m ya kasance mai nasara ga Taiping. Iyakoki na jihar muhimmanci kumbura yamma da babban birnin Nanjing.

A rikicin na Taiping Jihar

Duk da yawan nasara soja yakin, a 1855, da rikicin ya fara ne a cikin sabuwar kafa jihar, abin da ya rufe dukkan fannoni na al'umma. Taiping tayarwa a rufe da fadi da yankin da kuma gana da babban m goyon baya. Duk da haka, shugabanninta sun gagara aiwatar da mafi yawan tsare-tsaren, da kuma jihar shi cikin kundin tsarin mulki, a ta core, a utopian.

A wannan lokaci, da yawan shugabanni ƙwarai karu. A 1856, an riga tafi 4 da kuma fiye da 200. Bugu da kari, da Taiping shugabannin fara motsa daga sauki manoma. By tsakiyar yaki na duniya daidaito da kuma fraternity, babu daya yi magana.

Rikicin hit da sosai tsarin gwamnati. A gaskiya ma, cikin Taiping halakar da haihuwa jihar tsarin da kuma maye gurbin kasa don tsara wani tsarin dace. A wannan lokaci ya dada tabarbare bambance-bambance tsakanin shugabanni. A apogee na wannan juyin mulki. A cikin dare na Satumba 2, 1860 Yan Syutsin da iyalinsa aka kashe. Ya share kasar da kalaman na ta'addanci. Halaka ba kawai magoya bayan Yan Syutsina da sauran Vanir (Shi Dakaya). A juyin mulki Satumba 2, 1860 ya da wani sauyi a tarihin na manoma 'War kuma alama farkon ta uku lokaci.

Biyu Opium War

A farkon da na uku mataki na gwagwarmaya da Taiping Manchurian daular alama ta biyu Opium War. Taiping tayarwa a lokacin wannan lokacin ya rasa ikonta, da kuma sabon jihar da aka tilasta rayuwa a cikin yanayi na soja danniyar kasashen turai.

Dalilin da barkewar tashin kama da Birtaniya "Arrow" jirgin ruwa a kasar Sin.

A 1857, da hada Anglo-Dakarun Faransa sun shagaltar da Guangzhou. A shekara daga baya, sun mamaye birnin Tianjin - wani yana kokarin muhimmanci, wanda aka located a kan karkata daga Beijing.

Tianjin yarjejeniya da aka kulla a 1858. Daular Qing da aka tilasta yi saranda. Duk da haka, kafin ƙulla na da yarjejeniya da Sarkin sarakuna na kasar Sin ya sanar da ci gaba da yaki.

A watan Agusta, 1860 a Anglo-sojojin Faransa reoccupied Tianjin. The hukunci yaƙi ya faru a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba a Baliqiao gada (a Tongzhou gundumar). The Sin sojojin da aka ci. A watan Oktoba 1860, hada Anglo-sojojin Faransa suka zo Beijing. Gwamnatin kasar Sin da aka tilasta fara tattaunawar.

Beijing Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1860. Babban binciken sun wadannan kayan abinci:

1. Birtaniya da kuma Faransa samu da m hakkin ya kafa su ofisoshin jakadancin a Beijing.
2. Sin da aka bude a waje cinikayya 5 sabon mashigai.
3. Baƙi ( 'yan kasuwa da jami'an diplomasiya) aka bai wa dama domin matsar da yardar kaina a ko'ina cikin kasar.
4. Tianjin da aka ayyana wani bude birnin.

A karo na hudu mataki da kuma kammala tawaye

Taiping tawaye a 1860-1864 gg. Tana da haka m. Bugu da kari, da sabon jihar aka tilasta tafi daga aiki yaki don tsaron gida. A karo na hudu lokacin da baƙauye War a kasar Sin ne halin da miƙa mulki na Amurka, Birtaniya da kuma Faransa bude bakin soji a kasar.

A farkon 60-ies., Duk da weakening daga cikin sojojin, Taiping ga gaci a adadin manyan nasarori. The sojojin karkashin jagorancin Lee Syuchena tafi zuwa ga Maritime Lardunan. Ga su sun iya lashe manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa - Huangzhou birni da kuma wasu cibiyoyin Zhejiang da Jiangsu. Bugu da kari, da Taiping sanya biyu kamfen zuwa Shanghai. Duk da haka, don ci birnin da suka yi ba su yi nasara.

A 1861 ya kaddamar da wani farmakin counter-neman sauyi sojojin.

A lokaci guda, Ingila, Faransa da kuma Amurka sun koma zuwa wani bude baki kan Taiping. A 1863, arewacin tekun na Kogin Yangtze tana karkashin mulkin na daular Qing. Taiping aka sa'an nan kuma tilasta barin duk na Maritime Lardunan.

A 1864, da Manchurian ƙungiyoyin Nanjing kewaye tare da goyon bayan kasashen yamma, sojoji. A sakamakon haka, shi ya hallaka fiye da dubu 100. Taiping. A birnin fara yunwa mai tsanani,.

Hun Syutsyuan gane da rashin bege na halin da ake ciki da kuma kashe kansa. Bayan mutuwarsa, shugabanci na tsaro na Nanking da aka dauka a kan ta Lee Syuchena. A watan Yuli 1864 fadar sojojin hura tashi da ganuwar birnin da kuma kutsa cikin babban birnin kasar na Taiping Tiangui. Shin Syuchenu tare da wani karamin rukuni gudanar ya bar Nanjing. Duk da haka, bayan da ya kama da kuma hukuncin kisa.

Saboda haka, a cikin 1864 da Taiping War zo ga ƙarshe. Su main sojojin da aka lalata, da kuma kashe shugabannin tawaye. A karshe Aljihuna na jure na sarki dakarun niƙa a 1868.

A sakamakon da sakamakon da manoma 'War

Domin daular Qing Taiping tayarwa ne mai tsanani buga. Yana yana gurgunta tushe na mulkin gargajiya tsarin da kuma tattalin arziki. Halakar da birane da kuma manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da tawaye suka kai ga wani m halakar da Sin yawan jama'a.

Taiping Tiangui ne mai girma na zamantakewa gwajin, a cikin abin da baƙauye talakawa da hannu.

Baƙauye War kuma yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan halin da ake ciki na daular Qing. Its matsayi a cikin ƙasa girgiza kuma ya rasa da goyon bayan da al'ummar jihar. Don kashe da zanga-zangar da hukuncin Elite aka tilasta ku nẽmi taimako daga manyan gonaki. Wannan ya kai ga karfafa matsayin da gonaki. A sakamakon, kabilar Han (Sin) sun zama ƙara shiga a cikin tafiyar da kasar, da kuma yawan Manchur rage a jihar na'ura. A 60-ies. a kasar Sin akwai da tabbatarwa daga yankin samara da kanana. Yana kuma take kaiwa zuwa weakening na da matsayi na gwamnatin tsakiya.

Bugu da kari, tsakiyar XIX karni a cikin tarihin kasar Sin da aka alama da dama da sauran manyan tarurrukan boren da.

Fiye da shekaru 18 da yaki dade Miao a Guizhou yankin. A 1862 ta fara wata babbar tawaye Dungan mutane, da ta share lardin Shaanxi da kuma Gansu. A 1855, a cikin Yunnan yankin na anti-gwamnati yaki ya barke. Saka hannu cikin ya dauki Hui da'awar Musulunci. Duk wadannan yunkuri sun yi wani gagarumin tasiri a kan dalyneshee ci gaban kasar Sin da kuma dangantaka tsakaninta da kasashen turai.