Ilimi na Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha: da kwanan wata da kuma tarihi. Lokacin da na kafa Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha?

Ukraine - mafi girma a kasashen Turai. Ko da yake wasu masana tarihi sun bayar da hujjar cewa kasar ita ce mahaifar al'adar Turai da kuma ta wanzu ga mutane da yawa ƙarni, shi ne ba. Ilimi na Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha a zahiri ya faru shekaru 23 da suka wuce. Wannan shi ne wani matashi kasar cewa an kawai koyon rayuwa a kan nasu, ba tare da wani goyon baya. Hakika, Ukraine yana da dogon tarihi, amma har yanzu babu inda aka ambaci na kasar a matsayin cikakken fledged jihar. A wannan yankin a lokaci daya rayu Scythians, Sarmatians, Turkic jama'a, da tsoho Russia, Cossacks. Suna duka ko ta yaya ya shafi ci gaban kasar.

tsohon tarihin

Don fara da, da kalmar "Ukraine" da aka fassara daga tsohon Rasha nufin "unguwar", da cewa shi ne a cikin wani mutumin ƙasar iyaka. Wadannan yankunan da ake kira "Wild Field". A farko ambaci Black Sea matakan kwanan rana VII karni BC, shi ne to da cewa Scythians zauna a can. A cikin Tsohon Alkawali, suna bayyana a matsayin tausayi da kuma m nomadic mutane. A 339 BC. e. Scythians suka ci a yakin da Filippom Makedonskim, shi ne farkon su karshen.

Domin hudu ƙarni, Black Sea yankin da aka a cikin riko da Sarmatian. Wadannan aka alaka nomadic kabilu waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Lower Volga yankin. A cikin II karni BC. e. Sarmatian tura da Turkic al'ummai. A VII karni a kan bankunan na Dnieper Slavs fara shirya, wanda a kwanakin nan aka kira Rusich. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ƙasar sun shagaltar da aka kira Kievan Rus. Wasu masu bincike jayayya da cewa samuwar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha a 1187. Wannan ba gaba ɗaya na gaskiya. A wannan lokacin, bayyana ne kawai da kalmar 'Ukraine', shi ake nufi da cewa babu wasu fiye da karkata Kiev Rasha.

Tatar hare-hare

A lokacin, da ƙasashensu na zamani Ukraine an hõre hare-hare na Crimean Tatars. Rusichi kokarin Master da arziki, tati na Great Steppe, amma da akai-sace da kuma kashe-kashen da aka ba a yarda ya kawo mu da tsare-tsaren da ƙarshen. Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni, da Tatars kasance babbar barazana ga Slavs. Sararin yankunan zauna unoccupied ga tafin kafa dalili da cewa su ne gefe da gefe da Crimea. Tatar hare-hare da za'ayi domin su yi ko ta yaya kula da tattalin arzikin kasar. Su suna tsunduma a cikin dabbõbin ni'ima kiwo, amma shi bai ba yawa riba. Tatars sata makwabta na da Slavs, aka dauka fursuna da matasa da kuma lafiya mutane, musayar bayi sai shirye su Turkish kayayyakin. A mafi yawan Tatar mamayar sha wahala Volyn, Kyiv yankin da kuma Galicia.

A shiri na m ƙasar

Noman da kuma gonaki su na sane da abin da amfanin da za a iya samu daga m free yankunan. Duk da cewa akwai wata barazana ga kai farmaki da Tatars, arziki kasafin steppe, gina matsugunai, don haka atawa zuwa ga manoma. A gonaki da nasu sojojin, sabõda haka sũ, kula da oda da kuma horo a cikin kasashen da ke karkashin iko. Sun bayar da manoma a cikin yin amfani da ƙasa, kuma a cikin sama bukaci biyan sadãkõkinsu. Hatsi kawo gaya dũkiya da Polish magnates. Mafi shahara sun Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevetskaya, Konetspolskogo. Yayin da Slavs rududdugaggu a cikin filayen, sandunan zauna a marmari manyan gidãje, yin iyo a cikin dukiyarsa.

Cossacks lokaci

A cikin 'yanci-m Cossacks fara shirya a free matakan a karshen cikin XV karni, wani lokacin slipped a hankali halittar jihar. Ukraine iya zama wata aljannar barayi da vagabonds, saboda sun asali zaune a yankin. A kan kowa karkata daga zuwa mutane suke so su zama free, don haka da girma daga cikin Cossacks sun ma'aikatan, suka gudu daga gentry na bauta. Har ila yau, a nan ya zo da 'yan kasar da firistoci defrocked, a search na mafi rayuwa. Daga cikin Cossacks sun mutane na daraja asalin, suna yafi neman kasada da kuma, ba shakka, dũkiya.

Gang kunshi Rus, Dogayen sanda, Belarusians kuma ko da Tatars dauki cikakken kowa da kowa. Da farko, shi ne mafi talakawa ɗan fashi ƙungiya cewa sata cikin Tatars da Turks da sata rayu. A tsawon lokaci, sun fara gina fray - mai kagara sansanin, wanda shi ne ko da yaushe a kan wajibi soja sansanin. Akwai su da aka dawo daga sintiri.

Wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa 1552-th - shekara na samuwar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha. A gaskiya, a wannan lokacin akwai sanannen Zaporizhzhya Sich, wanda shi ne don haka girman kai na Ukrainians. Amma ta ba da samfur na zamani a jihar. A 1552, da Cossacks aka sõyayya ƙungiya, amma su Fort aka gina a tsibirin Little Khortytsya. Duk wannan sanya Vishnevetskii.

Ko da yake da farko Cossacks sun talakawa 'yan fashi, sata Turks domin su amfana, a kan lokaci, da suka fara kare mazauna na Slavs daga hare-hare na Tatars, da warware compatriots daga zaman talala. Turkey, da wannan 'yanci-m' yan'uwa da jũna a allahntaka azãba. Cossacks a kan su gulls (dogon, kunkuntar jiragen) zare jiki swam zuwa gaba da makiya kasar, kuma ba zato ba tsammani farmaki da karfi kufaifan.

Jihar Ukraine ya so ya halicci daya daga cikin shahararrun hetmans - Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Wannan jigo ya jagoranci m gwagwarmaya tare da Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin, mafarki na 'yancin kai da kuma' yancin dukkan 'yan'uwanmu countrymen. Khmelnitsky gane cewa kawai ya ba iya jimre a Yammacin abokin gaba, sai ya samu wani majiɓinci, a cikin mutum na Moscow tsar. Hakika, bayan zubar da jini a Ukraine ne a kan, amma shi bai zama m.

A fall na tsarist

Ana zargin Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha zai yiwu nan da nan bayan da aka hambarar da kursiyin da Romanov daular. Abin baƙin ciki, yan siyasa ba su da ƙarfin zuciya, da kuma mafi muhimmanci - Solidarity, to kawo mu da tsare-tsaren da ƙarshen kuma yi kasarsa m. A fall na tsarist Kiev koya Maris 13, 1917. Kamar 'yan kwanaki Ukrainian yan siyasa sun halitta Tsakiya Rada, amma ci gaba da iko a hannuwansu zuwa tsayar da su akida saka da inexperience a irin waɗannan abubuwa.

A cewar wasu rahotanni, da samuwar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha da aka gudanar a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1917. Cewa wannan rana, Majalisar Tsakiya promulgated Uku Universal, shelar kansa babban iko. Duk da haka, idan ba ta riga ta yanke shawarar raba duk dangantaka da Rasha, Ukraine ta sa ga wani lokaci ya zama wani m jamhuriyar. Zai yiwu da wannan shiri ya wuce kima taka tsantsan. Bayan watanni biyu kuma, Majalisar Tsakiya yanke shawarar a kan samuwar jihar. Ukraine aka zayyana zaman kanta da kuma cikakken zaman kanta kasar ta Rasha.

Hulda da Austrians da kuma Jamus

A lokacin da akwai wani Ukraine a matsayin jihar da cewa ba sauki. Domin wannan dalili ne, Central Rada aka tilasta neman goyon baya da kuma kariya a kasashen Turai. Fabrairu 18, 1918 aka sanya hannu da Brest-Litovsk yarjejeniyar, bisa ga abin da Ukraine an za'ayi a Turai, da m samar da abinci, da kuma a cikin sama samu da amincewa da 'yancin kai da kuma taimakon soji.

Austrians da Jamusawa a cikin wani gajeren lokaci da dakarunta suka shiga cikin ƙasa da ke jihar. Abin baƙin ciki, Ukraine ba zai iya cika ta bangare na kwangila sharuddan, sai a karshen Afrilu 1918, Central Rada aka narkar. 29 ga watan Afrilu zuwa management na kasar fara Pavlo Skoropadsky. Ilimi na Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha ya ba wa mutanen da wahala. The damuwa ne cewa akwai wani alhẽri maye a cikin ƙasa, wanda za su iya kare 'yancin daga cikin yankuna sarrafawa. Skoropadskyi ba šauki a ikon da shekara. Riga Disamba 14, 1918, ya ignominiously gudu tare da m Jamus sojojin. Ukraine an jefar da Wolves, kasashen Turai sun ba a gane ta samu 'yancin kai da kuma ba da wani goyon baya.

The zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks

A farkon 20s karni na ashirin da ya kawo da yawa daga baƙin ciki a cikin Ukrainian House. A Bolsheviks halitta a tsarin na austerity, to ko ta yaya dakatar da rushewar tattalin arziki da kuma ajiye sabon jihar. Ukraine daga abin da ake kira "yaki kwaminisanci" ya sha wahala mafi, saboda da karkararta ne tushen kayayyakin gona. Tare da masu dauke da makamai da jami'an tafi zuwa ga kauyuka da kuma karfi zaba hatsi daga manoma. Yana samu zuwa wurin da cewa da aka tattara daga cikin gidajen freshly gasa burodi. Babu shakka, irin wannan yanayi ne ba moriya ga wani karuwa a noma, manoma kawai ƙi yin aiki.

All tsiya da aka kara da fari. Yunwa na 1921-1922 ya dauki rayukan dubban daruruwan Ukrainians. Gwamnatin fili gane cewa karas Hanyar kara amfani impractical. Saboda haka, a dokar da aka wuce a kan NEP (New Tattalin Policy). Godiya ga shi riga ta 1927 da 10% zuwa kara fannin arable ƙasar. A wannan lokaci da samuwar na yanzu gwamnati. Ukraine zare jiki manta game da munin yakin basasa, yunwa, dispossession. A Ukrainians koma zuwa ga alheri a gida, don haka su ne mafi kau da farko za mu bi da Bolsheviks.

Da son rai-tilasta shigarwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A karshen shekara ta 1922 a birnin Moscow sun yi tunani na ƙungiyar na Rasha, Belarus da kuma Transcaucasian jamhuriyoyin don ƙirƙirar more barga sadarwa. Har sai wannan lokacin, a lokacin da kafa Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha, shi ne wasu bakwai da suka gabata. Disamba 30, 1922 wakilan duk Soviet jamhuriyoyin amince da wani shirin ci, ta haka aka halitta da Tarayyar Soviet.

A ka'idar, wani daga cikin jamhuriyoyin da dama da su janye daga ƙungiyar, amma cewa shi ya samu da amsa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. A yi, a cimma 'yancin kai da aka wuya sosai. A jam'iyyar da aka Karkasa da kuma sarrafawa daga Moscow. Ukraine most yanki ranked na biyu a cikin dukan jihohi. A babban birnin kasar, an zabe birnin Kharkov. Amsawa ga wata tambaya game da lokacin da kafa Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha, ya kamata a lura da 20-shekara na karni na ashirin, saboda shi ke lokacin da} asar ta samu cikakken yankin da kuma administrative iyakoki.

Ana ingantawa da kuma ci gaban kasar

A farko shekaru biyar shirin ya hura rai cikin Ukraine. A wannan lokaci akwai 400 da sabon kasuwanci a kasar lissafta game da 20% na dukkan zuba jari. A 1932, da hydroelectric iko shuka da aka gina, Dnipropetrovsk, ya zama a lokacin da most a Turai. Godiya ga aikin ma'aikata bayyana Kharkov Hoor Shuka, Zaporozhye Iron da Karfe Works, mai yawa masana'antu Donbass. A wani gajeren lokaci shi haifar da wata babbar adadin tattalin arziki. Domin inganta horo da kuma inganta yadda ya dace da aka gabatar gasar ga farkon aiwatar da shirin. Gwamnatin ta bayar da mafi kyau ma'aikata da kuma sanya title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Ukraine a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu

A cikin tsawon 1941-1945. Miliyoyin mutane ne suka mutu a kasar. Mafi yawan Ukrainians yaki tare da Tarayyar Soviet, amma shi ba ya amfani da Western Ukraine. A wannan yanki mamaye wasu yanayi. Bisa ga Oun mayakan ƙungiyoyin SS "Galicia", ya kamata ya zama m daga Moscow, Ukraine. A tarihin samuwar jihar zai zama mabanbanta idan Jamus har yanzu lashe. Gaskiyar cewa Jamus za a gabatar da Ukraine ta samu 'yancin kai, da wuya a yi imani ba, amma duk da wannan alkawuran da suka ga gaci a kan wasu 220.000 Ukrainians. Ko bayan da yaki, wadannan 'yan bindiga sun ci gaba da zama.

Rayuwa bayan Stalin

Soviet shugaban ta mutuwa ya zo da shi wani sabon rai ga miliyoyin mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Sai ya zama sabon shugaban Nikita Khrushchev, wanda yake da dangantaka da Ukraine da kuma, ba shakka, patronized ta. A zamanin mulkinsa, shi ya kai wani sabon mataki na ci gaba. Shi ne da godiya ga Khrushchev ya a cikin mambobin Crimean sashin a Ukraine. Kamar yadda jihar ya tashi, shi ne wani al'amari, amma cewa su administrative-yankin iyaka, shi ne kafa a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

Sa'an nan, ya zo iko Leonid Brezhnev, kuma a 'yan qasar na Ukraine. Bayan wani gajeren sarautar Andropov da Chernenko a kwalkwali ya Mikhail Gorbachev. Shi ya yanke shawarar halin canza m tattalin arzikin da kuma Soviet tsarin a matsayin dukan. Gorbachev ya cin nasara da conservatism na al'umma da kuma jam'iyyar. Gorbachev ya ko da yaushe kira ga gaskiya da kuma kokarin zama kusa da mutane. Mutane suka fara ji more a cikin ni'ima, amma duk da haka ko da a karkashin Gorbachev gurguzu a cikakken iko da sojoji, 'yan sanda, da aikin noma, masana'antu, KGB kula kafofin watsa labarai.

A 'yancin kai

Kwanan wata na samuwar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha da aka sani ga duk - shi ne 24 Agusta 1991. Amma abin gabãta wannan gagarumin taron? Maris 17, 1991 aka gudanar da wani binciken da ya bayyana a fili: Ukrainians ba da mulki, mahimmanci, cewa shi ba baya ya kara da rai yanayi. Gurguzun kokarin kowane yiwu hanya zuwa riƙe da iko a hannunsu, amma shi ne babu makawa slipping daga gare su.

Agusta 19, 1991 ya ware reactionaries Mihaila Gorbacheva a cikin Crimea, kuma kansu a Moscow kokarin kama da himma, furta ta baci da kuma kafa kwamitin gaggawa. Amma kome zo na gurguzu. Agusta 24, 1991, lokacin da akwai wani Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha, da Verkhovna Rada sanar da kasar ta samu 'yancin kai. Amma bayan kwanaki 5 da ayyuka na jam'iyyar kwaminis da aka dakatar da zaben majalisar dokoki. 1 Disamba na wannan shekara da Ukrainians a zaben raba gardama goyon bayan dokar na Independence kuma Muka zãɓe su na farko shugaba - Leonid Kravchuk.

A tsawon shekaru, shi sa a cikin samuwar Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha. Taswirar kasar sau da yawa canza. Mutane da yawa yankunan da aka annexed da Tarayyar Soviet, shi shafi yammacin Ukraine, sashi na Odessa Oblast da Crimea. Babban maƙasudin ne adana Ukrainian zamani administrative-yankin iyaka. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da wata wahala ba. Saboda haka, na uku shugaban Ukraine Victor Yushchenko a 2009 ya ba da Romanian ɓangare na nahiyar shiryayye. Kuma a shekarar 2014, Ukraine ya rasa, da kuma lu'u-lu'u - sashin Crimea, wanda ya koma Rasha. Za kasar su ci gaba da ƙasa m da kuma zama m, kawai lokaci zai gaya.