Tarihin tarihin jihar. Nau'in jihohi da doka

A duniya akwai game da 200 m jihohi. Akwai ka'idar cewa yawancin su suna da yarda mu hada a wani category halin da generality da kuma uniformity na key al'amurran da ci gaba. Akwai, sabili da haka, da dama iri kasashen. Kimiyya hanyoyin kayyade su da yawa. Abin da mãsu su ne mafi mashahuri a cikin Rasha kimiyya?

nuances typology

Bari mu magana farko na duk game da manufar da irin jiha. Bisa ga kowa fassarar wannan lokaci nuna membobinsu na siyasa mahaluži a wani aji (ko kungiya), halin da wani sa na wasu sharudda. Jihar da kuma dokar, masu bincike yi imani, sun samo asali, a cikin hãlãye. Saboda haka, da suka kasance a daya ko wani irin shi ne zai yiwu a gano biyu cikin sharuddan hulda da wasu tarihi zamani, da kuma ta hanyar bincike da nazari dũkiyõyinsu, mai zaman kanta da lokaci, amma a cikin wani kamanta mahallin. A wasu masu bincike ra'ayi hangen nesa irin jiha dangantawa da siffofin aiki a cikinta siyasa management system, da shari'a da cibiyoyin da sauransu. D. A wannan yanayin, shawara za a iya amfani da wani ajali synonymous phrases "fom kwamitin" ko misali "siyasa yanayin".

A zamani Rasha kimiyyar siyasa daban na jihar da kuma dokar da aka sau da yawa gane kamar yadda azuzuwan, da halaye na wanda taimaka musu don gudanar da daya ko wani sarki siyasa abokai a cikin mahallin su formational da wayewa ainihi. A wannan yanayin, sharuddan kamar "nau'i na gwamnati" ko "siyasa gwamnatin" iya daukarsa a matsayin mafi takamaiman. A wannan batun, m masu bincike gano tarihi iri jihar, da ya faru na wanda za a iya gani a dangane da ci gaban da wasu tsarin ko wayewar. A farko da kuma na biyu mai rarrabẽwa, A halin yanzu, an ƙaddara ta biyu daban-daban msar tambayar hanyoyin da rarrabuwa na siyasa abokai. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan biyu Concepts - samuwar da kuma wayewa.

formational m

Daga cikin mafi, don haka kowa a Rasha kimiyya ta halarci - formational. irin jiha shi yayi dace da daya daga cikin wadannan azuzuwan: m (ko al'ummomi), bawa, mulkin gargajiya, jari hujja (bourgeois ko), a kwaminisanci. Basic sharudda ga kowane tsare a cikin koyarwar Karla Marksa da Fridriha Engelsa, wanda aka dauke da jari-hujja ka'idar zamantakewa da ci gaban. Key al'amurran da dacewa Concepts - samuwar ne m da tattalin arzikin (wanda Forms da dalilin), kazalika da dangantaka a cikin al'umma, shari'a, akidar (wanda ƙayyade da add-in).

A muka ambata a sama iri tarihi jihar daidai da ka'idar Marx da Engels suna classified dangane da wadannan babban aka gyara: a Hanyar samar, da rinjaye dukiya siffofin a kan su, da mataki na rabo na ajin jama'a da mutum halaye na zamantakewa kungiyoyin. Bari mu yi nazarin wasu daga cikin siffofin.

The main iri tsarin

Bawa jihohin bisa ga ka'idar a tambaya an halin da akai a cikin irin aikin gona da tattalin arziki, da predominance na jihar ikon mallakar wajen samar, wani babban mataki na aji rabo daga jama'a, inda masu rinjaye na yawan ya dogara, bawa masu - 'yan tsirarun. Misalai na irin wannan jihohin za a iya samu ta hanyar nazarin tarihi na zamanin d Gabas, zamanin d Roma da kuma Girka.

Mamallaki siyasa da ƙungiyoyi mulkin gargajiya irin halin, bi da bi, da tushen aikin gona, artisan da Manufacturing tattalin arzikin da predominance na mulkin gargajiya dukiya. Game da azuzuwan a cikin al'umma - da girma da yawan jama'a a cikin States aka wakilta baƙauye aji, da dogara a kan mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji, sama da mataki na zaman jama'a a tsaye suzerains. Historical iri jihar na category - Rasha serfs shekaru, wasu kasashen Turai: Jamus, Italiya, Faransa.

A jari hujja ko bourgeois kasashen akwai daban-daban siffofin dukiya, amma aka mamaye zaman kansa, tattalin arziki tushe dogara ne a kan factory samar da kasuwar yanayi na aminci, gasar. azuzuwan al'umma kasu kashi babba, tsakiya, m, sosai a bayyane zamantakewa rawar da ma'aikata da kuma bourgeoisie.

A daidai da Concepts Marx da Engels, a jihohin gurguzu-type nufin samar yawanci kamata mallaka jihar da kuma tattalin arzikin tsari faruwa a shirya hanya. Babban zamantakewa azuzuwan - ma'aikata, manoma, da kuma masana.

Historical iri jihar, bisa ga samuwar m, kamata canza matsayin aiwatar da wani zaman jama'a juyin juya halin da ya taso ne a sakamakon rikicin, dangantakar a cikin tsarin na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tafiyar matakai. Yawanci, wannan da aka nuna a gaskiyar cewa ƙarƙashin azuzuwan daina jin gamsuwa a cikin gudana management da kuma goyon baya manufofin daga cikin manyan zamantakewa kungiyoyin, "top".

Mene ne halin yanzu samuwar?

Ainihin iri jihar a matsayin wani ɓangare na da samuwar m muka kira. Duk da haka, ga wasu daga cikinsu za mu iya aza zamani sarki siyasa abokai? Kuma bisa ga abin da sharudda? A cewar manufar Marx da Engels, bayan samuwar na bourgeois kamata bayyana kwaminisanci tsarin. Experience a yi ya Rasha, da kuma yanzu a cikin model, a kalla ga yarda akwai ãyõyi cewa, kasar Sin yana bunkasa, kuma tabbas Korea ta Arewa. Amma abin da game da wasu ƙasashe? Kamar yadda ka'idar Marx da Engels, da jari hujja samuwar ya taso na dogon lokaci: game da 300 da suka wuce. Amurka cewa suka fara samar a cikin tsarin na wani dace model, ya fara aiki a akai, kamar yadda muka ce, a cikin bangare na masu zaman kansu mallakar wajen samar. Daga cikin wasu, da masu bincike lura da halaye na wannan samuwar - da shari'a 'yancin kai na aiki aji daga bourgeoisie. Game da wadannan biyu halayen mafi yawan raya ƙasashe, kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka yi ĩmãni, ko ta wani hanya za a iya dangana ga irin bourgeois rarrabuwa Marx da Engels.

Akwai duk da haka, masana la'akari istinbadi rarrabe da ake kira tsaka model na jari hujja zuwa fundamentally daban-daban samuwar, saba da bukatun jama'a, suna m da na yanzu tsarin. Daga cikin masu bincike babu kowa fahimtar on bayyana sharudda akidar daga kowace ƙasa a cikin wannan samuwar. Its versatility faye hali dangantakar na samarwa, a wasu lokuta - gaban wasu mulkin gargajiya abubuwa. A takamaiman sunadaran ta hanyar da m sufuri daga daya samuwar iya za'ayi ga sauran, suna ĩmãni da wasu masu bincike da za a dogara a kan hadewa tafiyar matakai. Wannan shi ne, ƙungiyar na tattalin arziki da tsarin na kasashe daban-daban, da kuma a wasu lokuta - siyasa jam'iyya a cikinsa kamar yadda irin wannan jiha, bazai yankan shawara factor. Daga cikin m pre-images of wadannan siyasa raka'a, wasu masana kira da EU. Kamar yadda muka sani, tsakanin mafi ƙasashen EU babu fasfo iko, aiki guda kudin, ka'idodinta kasashen waje da manufofin da Turawa ne ma fiye ko žasa da mulkinsu.

Ko da yake akwai ra'ayin cewa Tarayyar Turai - shi ne wasu har a koma ga abin da ya sau ɗaya kasance a Turai. A tarihin Romawa sananne ga dukan Amirka. A baya shi ne wani daular babban rabbai, wanda geographically hada da wani babban ɓangare na zamani EU. Kuma saboda zamani bunqasar na Turawa, da masu bincike suka yi ĩmãni - yana da tabbas ba haka ba yawa da samuwar wani tushen sabon samuwar kamar yadda haifuwa wanzu a baya, kungiyar na nahiyar model na siyasa da mulki.

Ko dai hanya, da halaye na tarihi iri jihar daga ra'ayi na samuwar m ya hada da kayan abinci da barin wani hanya zuwa rarraba zamani kasar. Mafi m, a yanzu duniya na ci gaba da rayuwa, yafi a cikin tsarin jari hujja. Amma wannan, kamar yadda muka gani a baya sama, ba shine kawai rarrabẽwa ga da rarrabuwa na jihohi. La'akari da wani m irin.

wayewa m

Historical iri jihar a cikin tsarin na wannan m suna classified a kan tushen ba kawai na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sharudda, amma kuma a kan tushen da rinjaye a cikin harkokin siyasa da ƙungiyoyi na ruhaniya, al'adu, doka da ka'idojin norms, wanda tare da nunawa wani sa na halaye na wayewa. Ka yi la'akari da misalai daga wadannan Categories.

duniya wayewar

Historical iri da kuma siffofin gwamnati a cikin tsarin na m m samarwa da masu bincike a cikin manyan yawan msar tambayar Concepts. Alal misali, dokokin Oswald Spengler yi imani da cewa a cikin tarihi mutãne ya ci gaba a cikin 8 wayewa da al'adu, Karl Jaspers ware 9 wayewar, Arnold Toynbee koyarwar adadin ya 21. Daya daga cikin karin bayanai na kimiyya Concepts, misali, 7 na zamanin d wayewar: Mesopotamian, Masar, Greco-Roman, Cretan, Byzantine, Central American da Andean, da kuma game da 8 a yau: yammacin kasar Sin, Japan, Islamic, Hindu, Rasha Orthodox, Afirka, Latin American.

Wasu masu bincike rarrabe firamare da sakandare wayewa. Babban rarrabẽwa na gindaya - rawar da gwamnati a zamantakewa da juna. Alal misali, primary wayewa unsa cikakken hallara a gaban wani sarki siyasa jam'iyya. Tattalin arzikin, jama'a, jihar da kuma dokar a cikin wannan model suna m. Bi da bi, wani wayewa a sakandare rawar da jihar ne da ɗan more kunkuntar. Tafasa saukar zuwa superstructure - ruhaniya, shari'a, al'adu bangaren na zamantakewa da ci gaban. Misalan irin wayewar - Latin American, yammacin Turai.

typology na hakkokin

Tare da samuwar jihar cibiyoyin ne a hankali related tafiyar matakai, nuna fitowan da kuma ci gaban da dokar. Abin da theories a cikin wannan shugabanci za a iya kira fi na kowa?

Daga cikin wadanda suke rare a tarihi kimiyya - tunanin da dama da za a kasu iri biyu - na halitta da kuma kyau. A farko ya nuna sun fi mayar rasa rubutu, da ilhama ga mutum al'umma norms da kuma ka'idojin. Na biyu - da wannan, bi da bi, da dokokin bayanawa da dokoki da kuma kida, adapting su zuwa takamaiman daidaita yanayin.

Halitta dokar da aka riga da wani m. Amma tsakanin masana kimiyya ya rage debatable abu: a wasu batu a lokacin correlative tare, ka ce, abin da ya faru na samuwar ko wayewa bayyana m dokar? Akwai version cewa shi yana tare da mutãne tun da aka kafa ta, a gaskiya, suka fara samar a cikin tsarin na formational da wayewa hanya.

Ginshikai na samuwar jihar a matsayin rarrabẽwa typology

Typology za a iya za'ayi, dangane da wani inji, wanda ke da jihar da aka faruwa ilimi. A wani bincike da yanayi, da babban yawan Concepts a cikin wannan shugabanci. Akwai jihohi da zai bayyana yadda ya samu da mulkin ƙasa a baya mallakar wani m siyasa raka'a. Alal misali, wadannan suna da yawa daga cikin tsohon jamhuriyoyin da Tarayyar Soviet. Kafin rushewar Tarayyar Soviet kawai kaɗan daga gare su yana da tarihi da kwarewa da m statehood. Jihar ilimi za a iya alaka da hadewa matakai tsakanin al'ummai, halin da na kowa al'adu, harshe, akidar. Kuma haka dai aka kafa a manyan yawan zamani Turai jihohi. Alal misali, shi ne Jamus da Italiya - lokaci mai tsawo a kan ƙasa na wadannan kasashe akwai m siyasa abokai. Don wasu har da Amurka ne na musamman kwarewa. Suna halin da wasu masu bincike a matsayin misali na jihar, sõyayya ba ta nagarta na al'adu da kuma na kasa dangantaka, da kuma a kan tushen da mulkin demokra] iyya ra'ayoyin na 'yanci da constitutionalism, ci gaba sosai domin lokaci, a lokacin da Amirkawa sun yanke shawarar zama m daga Ingila a cikin marigayi 18th karni.

Rasha

Ta yaya domin sanin irin Rasha jihar? Kila farko, kuma farkon ne ya shirya tare da abin da tarihi lokaci dauka la'akari. Gaskiyar cewa kasar mu fiye da shekara dubu. Idan Rasha da kuma danganta wa] annan iri na zamani jihohi, ta dogara ne a kan manufar Marx da Engels, mu ne m ya kasance a cikin tsarin jari hujja. Tare da yi na gurguzu, kamar yadda muka sani, shi bai faru ba. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, akwai wata rijiya da mulkin gargajiya samuwar in Russian tarihi. A wani bincike na m za a iya kira da gwamnatin Rasha, na ga Rasha Orthodox wayewa.

Game da rarrabẽwa nuna dalilai na ilimi a kasar kamar yadda wani sarki siyasa mahaluži cewa, shan la'akari da ƙarni-tsohon kwarewa na statehood, mu, mafi m, na gaskiya, dangana ga kasashen da suka taso a sakamakon hadewa tsari - a matakin al'adu, harshe, addini.

A tarihin na Rasha jihar - shi ne ƙungiyar na cikin Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic da kuma sauran jama'a, da key factor wanda aka yi ĩmãni da yawa masu bincike, ya fadar matsayi na Rasha. A cikin tsarin na dacewa tarihi lokaci a cikin kasar nan, idan mun yi a matsayin dalilin da ka'idar Marx da Engels, da mulkin gargajiya tsarin, daga baya aka maye gurbinsu da tsarin jari-hujja.

Rasha - wata kasa da dama tsarin?

Bayan da 1917 da juyin juya halin, da na sarki factor ya daina taka rawa, sa'an nan a cikin kasar, inda a baya akwai wani tarayya ko wasu irin Sarkin abokai, fãce yana a fairly manyan mulkin kai zuwa Poland da kuma Finland, aka kafa da dama m sarki siyasa raka'a kan kasa akai. Duk da haka, a cewar wasu masu bincike, da sabon mai zaman kanta kasar, tare da banda kawai Poland da kuma Finland, sun nisa daga kasancewa a cikin mafi kyau duka zamantakewa da tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki domin ci gaba da kansa. A sakamakon haka, Moscow gudanar ya ƙarfafa su fairly zaran ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sabon akidar - kwaminisanci. M jihar samuwar cewa ka fito a cikin kasar, shan la'akari da na ra'ayi tarawa daga koyarwar Lenin, Stalin da sauran Soviet shugabanni, a general, shi ya isasshe kusa da msar tambayar model Marx da Engels.

Lokacin da, a cikin shekaru na perestroika ha kwaminisanci factor ya daina taka rawa, da siyasa sarari na tsohon Rasha Empire ya zama kamar yadda muka san shi a yau. Kamar yadda bayan juyin juya hali na 1917, kasar da aka raba da dama sarki jihohi. Su ƙungiyoyi, a 1922, bai faru ba. Me ya sa? Akwai da yawa versions ga wannan sakamako. A daya daga cikinsu, a farkon karni na 20th daga sabon kasashen da aka ba da tattalin arziki da albarkatun domin gina m tattalin arziki da siyasa da tsarin. Bayan perestroika, bi da bi, yawancin ya da wani iko Soviet wasiyya kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma fiye ko ƙasa da aiki management cibiyoyin. Saboda da rashin marmarin ci gaba da ci gaba da ka'idodin da sabon kwaminisanci jihar zahiri komawa zuwa jari hujja da kuma ci gaba shiri a cikin samuwar.