Tsari da kuma aiki da pituitary

A pituitary gland shine yake, tsarin da ayyuka na wanda za a tattauna daga baya, shi ne wani sashin jiki na endocrine tsarin. Yana rabo 3 a hade. Bari mu bincika abin da su ne ayyuka na pituitary gland shine yake a cikin kwakwalwa. A karshen labarin, wani m abu. A musamman, a tebur. pituitary aiki da aka bayyana a takaice.

wurare dabam dabam

Kamar yadda pituitary gland shine yake powered? Aiki, magani na cuta, sashin jiki aiki a general ne m da jihar jini wurare dabam dabam. Wasu fasaloli na sashin jiki jinin samar da a lokuta da dama da hukunci tasiri a kan tsari na aiki.

Rassan da carotid (ciki) jijiya da kuma cikin da'irar Willis kafa manya da ƙananan jiki tashoshi. A farko siffofin da wani fairly m capillary cibiyar sadarwa a tsakãtsaki ce shahararsa yankin na hypothalamus. Ci ta samar da wata jerin kayayyakin portal jannayẽnsa dogon. Sukan sauka a adenohypophysis da stalk na form a cikin agara lobe plexus sinusoidal capillaries. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan sashi na jiki na kai tsaye jinin samar ne mãsu fakowa ba. Jini an ciyar da su a cikinta daga tsakãtsaki ce shahararsa ta cikin portal tsarin. Wadannan su ne siffofin da muhimmancin gaske ga tsari na kowane aiki na agara pituitary. Wannan shi ne saboda axons a neurosecretory Kwayoyin na hypothalamus a tsakãtsaki ce shahararsa yankin kafa aksovazalnye lambobi.

Neurosecretion da tsaiko peptides ta ƙofar tasoshin shiga cikin adenohypophysis. Rear jiki sashen na'am da jini daga cikin ƙananan jijiyoyi. A adenohypophysis lura mafi tsanani halin yanzu, yayin da ta matakin ne ya fi a mafi wasu kyallen takarda.

Venous tasoshin a cikin agara lobe hada da raya venules. A outflow daga sashin jiki ne da za'ayi a cavernous sinus venous wuya harsashi, sa'an nan - a cikin wani na kowa cibiyar sadarwa. A mafi girma girma na jini motsa retrograde ga tsakãtsaki ce shahararsa. Wannan shi ne m lõkacin da aiki feedback sunadaran tsakanin hypothalamus kuma pituitary gland shine yake. M innervation na jini yana da za'ayi ta postganglionic zaruruwa mikawa tare da jijiyoyin bugun gini cibiyar sadarwa.

Pituitary gland shine yake: sifa da aiki (a takaice)

Kamar yadda aka ce a sama, a cikin wannan sashin jiki yana da uku rarrabuwa. A gaban da aka kira cikin agara pituitary. A cewar morphological fasali, wannan rabo ne mai gland shine yake epithelial asalin. Ya ƙunshi dama iri endocrine Kwayoyin.

Na baya lobe kira da neurohypophysis. An kafa a lokacin embryogenesis matsayin bulging ventral hypothalamus da kuma halin da na kowa tare da shi neuroectodermal asalin. A na baya na harhada pituitsidy - dogara sanda-dimbin yawa Kwayoyin da na tsarin jijiya hypothalamic axons.

Intermediate sulusi da murabba'i (kama gaban) ne epithelial asalin. Wannan sashen ne kusan ba ya nan a cikin mutane, amma quite a fili bayyana, misali, a cikin hakori, da shanu da kuma kananan dabbobi. tsaka-tsaki lobe daga aiki da mutum ya aikata wani karamin yawan rukuni na sel a gaba, na daga cikin raya division, aikin da mahaifa dangantawa da agara pituitary. Next, la'akari da sassa aka bayyana a sama a cikin daki-daki.

samar da hormones

Fasali agara pituitary Kwayoyin nuna takwas iri, biyar daga waxanda suke muhimmi a cikin secretory aiki. Wadannan abubuwa sun hada da, musamman:

• Somatotrofy. Yana acidophilus ja abubuwa da lafiya granules. Sun samar da ci gaban hormone.
• Laktotrofy. Wannan rawaya acidophilus abubuwa tare da manyan granules. Sun nuna prolactin.
• Tireotrofy basophil. Wadannan Kwayoyin nuna thyroid-haramta motsa hormone.
• Gonadotrofy basophil. Wadannan abubuwa nuna LH da FSH (gonadotropins: follicle stimulating da luteinizing hormones).
• Kortikotrofy basophil. Wadannan abubuwa samar adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin. Har ila yau, a nan, kamar yadda a cikin abubuwa na tsaka-tsaki division, kafa melanotropin da beta-endorphin. Wadannan mahadi aka samu daga precursor kwayoyin lipotropinovyh mahadi.

corticotropin

Yana da wani tsakiyan nonon samfurin na proopiomelanocortin isasshe manyan glycoprotein wanda aka kafa basophilic kortikotrofami. Wannan gina jiki fili ne zuwa kashi biyu sassa. Na biyu daya - lipotropin - tsage, kuma ba melanotropin peptide endorphin. Yana da muhimmanci a cikin aiki na antipain (antinociceptive) tsarin da daidaitowa tsara adenohypophyseal ji ba gani.

Physiological effects na corticotropin

Sun kasu kashi extraadrenal da adrenal. Recent dauke da manyan. A karkashin mataki na corticotropin ya karu kira na ji ba gani. Lokacin da akwai wani wuce haddi na hyperplasia da hypertrophy na adrenal bawo. Extraadrenal mataki ne da aka nuna ta hanyar da wadannan effects:

• Kara samar da ci gaban hormone da insulin.
• Lipolytic sakamako a kan adipose nama.
• Da qarancin ruwa da saboda da ruri na insulin mugunya.
• Karuwan shaida na melanin hyperpigmentation saboda hormonal dangantaka da kwayoyin da melanotropin.

Lokacin da wuce haddi corticotropin alama ci gaban Cushing tare m karuwa a cortisol a cikin adrenal. Wannan Pathology aka kira pituitary Cushing ta. Rage pituitary aiki tsokani rashin glucocorticoids. Yana yana tare da rayuwa canjawa bayyana hali da kuma tabarbarewar juriya ga waje muhalli.

Gonadotropic pituitary aiki

Development of takamaiman mahadi daga cell katsin daban-daban jinsin hawan keke a maza da mata. Pituitary aiki aiwatar a wannan harka ta adenylate cyclase-Camp tsarin. Su main tasiri ne da nufin jima'i segments. A mataki ba a iyakance ga samuwar kuma mugunya ji ba gani, amma kuma a kan aiki na testes kuma ovaries ta dauri ga salula rabe follitropin bigiren follicle. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani jinsin morphogenetic sakamako, wanda bayyana kanta a cikin irin ci gaban da follicles a cikin kwai da kuma granulosa Kwayoyin yaduwa a mata, kazalika da ci gaba da testes, spermatogenesis, da kuma widening na Sertoli Kwayoyin a cikin maza.

A lokacin da samar da jima'i hormones a follitropin lura kawai wani karin sakamako. Saboda tsarin da secretory shi a shirya lutropin aiki. Haka kuma, kara kuzari steroid biosynthesis enzymes. Lutropin triggers ovulation da kuma ci gaban ovarian tarin rubuce-rubuce luteum, kuma a cikin testes haramta motsa sakamako a kan Leydinga Kwayoyin. Ya aka dauke a key steroid kunnawa da ilimi da kuma androgen, progesterone da estrogen. Mafi kyau duka ci gaba da gonads da kuma samar da steroids bayar da synergistic mataki na lutropin da follitropin. A wannan batun, suna sau da yawa a hade a karkashin general nadi "gonadotropins".

Thyrotropin: general bayanai

Mugunya wannan glycoprotein hormone ne da za'ayi ci gaba da isasshe kaifi hawa da sauka a ko'ina cikin yini. Its matsakaicin maida hankali lura a cikin sa'o'i cewa riga barci. The tsari da aka yi da hulda aiki na pituitary da thyroid gland. Thyrotropin mugunya kara habaka tetraiodothyronine da triiodothyronine. An Rufe feedback kamar zuwa matakin na hypothalamus da pituitary aiki saboda. A karshen harka muna magana ne game da danniya na TSH. Har ila yau shi slows saukar da mugunya glucocorticoids. A ƙara samar da TSH allo auku a ƙarƙashin rinjayar dagagge zafin jiki a jiki. Dalilai kamar maganin sa barci, zafi, ko cũta, hana mugunya.

Tasirin thyrotropin

Wannan hormone ne iya dauri ga wani takamaiman tsoka mai amsa sigina a cikin thyroid follicular Kwayoyin kuma sa rayuwa halayen. Thyrotropin taimaka wa canza duk wani nau'i na metabolism, accelerating da aidin kama aiwatar da steroids da kuma kira na thyroid thyroglobulin. A karuwa a thyroid hormone mugunya na faruwa ne ta kunnawa da hydrolysis na thyroglobulin.

Thyrotropin jiki nauyi ƙaruwa saboda ya karu RNA da kuma gina jiki kira. A hormone exerts vnetireoidnoe mataki. Yana bayyana karin samar glycosaminoglycans a cikin fata, subcutaneous nama da kuma zaorbitalnoy. Wannan yakan auku saboda rashin hormones, misali, da aidin rashi. Wuce kima mugunya TSH goitre, thyroid hyperfunction bayyananen ya karu ciki steroid thyroid (hyperthyroidism), exophthalmos (pucheglazija). Duk da wannan tare da aka kira kaburbura 'cuta.

somatotropin

Wannan hormone aka samar ci gaba da 20-30 minti bursts a adenogipofizarnyh Kwayoyin. Kayyade mugunya somatostatin kuma dauki somatoliberin (hypothalamic neuropeptides). Karuwan samar da ci gaban hormone lura a lokacin barci, musamman a farkon matakai.

physiological effects

Su suna hade da tasiri na girma hormone a kan tafiyar matakai na rayuwa. Mafi yawa daga cikin physiological effects sulhu tsakani da takamaiman humoral dalilai, kashi da kuma hanta. Su kira somatomedins. A hali na take hakkin da pituitary gland shine yake a cikin nau'i na karu kuma tsawo mugunya na hormone mataki na humoral dalilai a kan guringuntsi ta ci gaba. Duk da haka, da lura da canje-canje a sia carbohydrate metabolism. A sakamakon haka, ci gaban hormone stimulates hyperglycemia saboda lalata a hanta da tsoka glycogen, da kuma hanawa na glucose dashi a kyallen takarda. Saboda wannan hormone qara insulin mugunya. A lokaci guda, girma hormone stimulates kunnawa insulinase.

Ya ce enzyme abubuwa deleteriously a kan insulin, har suka sa jure shi a kyallen takarda. Wannan hade da matakai iya fararwa farko na ciwon sukari (ciwon sukari).

pituitary aiki da kuma bayyana a cikin metabolism na lipids. Akwai Gudanarwa (permissive) sakamakon ci gaban hormone a sakamakon glucocorticoids da catecholamines. Saboda haka ba sa bijirowa lipolysis na adipose nama, ta ƙara free m acid maida hankali a cikin jini, akwai wuce kima samuwar ketone jikuna a cikin hanta da koda ta infiltration.

Insulin juriya za a iya hade da cuta da aka bayyana zhirovgo musayar. A hali na take hakkin da pituitary gland shine yake, wanda aka bayyana a wuce kima mugunya girma hormone, idan ta bayyana kanta a farkon yara, ɓullo da gigantism da gwargwado samuwar gangar jikin da kuma wata gabar jiki. A balagagge kuma samartaka a lokaci guda akwai wani girma kashi na epiphyseal ci gaban da kwarangwal kasũsuwa, ashe, yankunan da bai cika ossification. Wannan tsari shine ake kira acromegaly. Lokacin da girma hormone karanci nakasar wada yanayi na harka, da aka sani da pituitary wada. Irin wadannan mutane suna kira a matsayin Lilliputians.

prolactin

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci hormones cewa pituitary gland shine yake samar. Ayyuka a cikin jiki ce steroid aikin daban-daban. Mafi yawa shi rinjayar da mammary gland shine yake. Bugu da kari, shi na goyon bayan hormone secretory aiki na tarin rubuce-rubuce luteum da progesterone samar. Prolactin ne da hannu a cikin tsari na ruwa-gishiri metabolism, rage tukar tumbi da ruwa da kuma Wutan, stimulates da girma da kuma ci gaban da kayan ciki, da shi na inganta da samuwar da masu juna biyu ilhami. Bugu da ari karawa hormone kara habaka gina jiki kira na kitse daga carbohydrates kasafi da cewa yana sa postnatal nauyi riba.

Rear kuma matsakaici sassan: taƙaitaccen bayanin

Neurohypophysis aikin sun fi mayar da kudaden aiki. A wannan sashen ma secreted neurohormones paraventricular da supraoptic nuclei a cikin hypothalamus - oxytocin da vasopressin.

Amma ga matsakaiciyar division, akwai aka kafa melanotropin. Wannan hormone da aka hada melanin qara adadin free pigment a cikin epidermis, Qarfafa fata da kuma gashi launi. Melanotropin yi aikin aiki da kwakwalwa peptide neurochemical matakai a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar.

a ƙarshe

Table "pituitary Aiki" wakilci a kasa damar takaitashi a matsayin ayyuka tattauna sashin jiki ta kayyade ayyukan da mahadi samar da su.