Tu-244 - wani supersonic jirgin saman fasinja

Da zarar mutane suka fara Master da m sama, shi ko da yaushe ya yi aiki don inganta jirgin sama su sa su more m, da sauri, mafi capacious. Daya daga cikin mafi m ƙirƙirãwa na mutãne, a cikin wannan shugabanci ne supersonic fasinja jirage. Amma, abin takaici, tare da m ban, mafi yawan aukuwa an rufe ko ne a halin yanzu a cikin daftarin mataki. Wata irin wannan aikin ne a supersonic fasinja jirgin sama Tu-244, wanda za mu tattauna a kasa.

sauri fiye da sauti

Amma kafin mu fara magana kai tsaye game da Tu-244, bari mu dauki wani taƙaitaccen yawon shakatawa a cikin tarihin 'yan adam zuwa cin nasara da nuna gudun sauti, saboda jirgin sama zai zama kai tsaye ci gaba da kimiyya da bincike a wannan yanki.

Muhimmanci goyon baya ga ci gaban jirgin sama da aka bai wa yakin duniya na II. Wannan lokacin da akwai real kayayyaki na jirgin sama tare da jet injuna iya gudu mafi girma dunƙule. Tun da na biyu da rabi daga cikin 40-ies karni na karshe, suka rayayye za a karɓa biyu a soja da sifirin jiragen sama.

A gaba aiki ya kara da gudun da jirgin sama. Idan ka fita a kan supersonic shamaki ba shi da wuyar, kawai kara engine ikon, rinjãyarsu shi ne mai muhimmanci matsala, tun da dokokin aerodynamics a wadanda gudu bambanta.

Duk da haka, na farko nasara a tseren tare da wani sauti da aka cimma a shekarar 1947, a Amirka, gwaji jirgin sama, amma massively used ultrasonic fasahar ba a fara har sai ƙarshen 50 ta - farkon 60-ies na XX karni a soja jirgin sama. Akwai samar model kamar yadda MiG-19, North American A-5 yan banga, Convair F-102 Delta wuƙa, kuma da yawa wasu.

Fasinja supersonic jirgin sama

Amma da sifirin jiragen sama kasance ba haka ba sa'a. A farko supersonic fasinja jirgin sama sun bayyana ne kawai a cikin marigayi 60s. Kuma a lokacin da aka halicci kawai biyu serial model - Soviet Tu-144 da Franco-Birtaniya "Concord". Waɗannan su ne hankula dogon zango jirgin sama. Tu-144 da ke cikin aiki daga shekarar 1975 zuwa shekarar 1978, da kuma "Concord" - daga 1976 zuwa 2003. Saboda haka, a lokacin da ba a amfani, babu supersonic jirgin sama tare da zirga-zirgar fasinja.

Akwai sun kasance yawa yi ayyukan to supersonic da hypersonic da jirgin sama, amma wasu daga cikinsu ƙarshe rufe (Douglas 2229, Super-Caravelle, T-4, da sauransu.), Kuma wasu aiwatar miƙa illa ma sha Allahu (Reaction Engines A2, SpaceLiner, Next Generation Supersonic sufuri). A karshen ya shafi jirgin sama Tu-244 aikin.

Fara na ci gaba

The aikin don ƙirƙirar da jirgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya maye gurbin na Tu-144 kirar Tupolev fara a lokacin Soviet zamanin, a cikin farkon 70-ies karni na karshe. A lokacin da zayyana wani sabon jirgin sama, da zanen amfani da zane na da wanda ya riga, "Concord", kazalika da kayan na American abokan aiki da suka halarci aikin. All aukuwa suna da za'ayi a karkashin shugabanci na Alekseya Andreevicha Tupoleva.

A 1973, da kimanta jirgin sama da aka kira Tu-244.

aikin manufofin

Manufar wannan aikin ya haifar da gaske m supersonic jirgin sama domin zirga-zirgar fasinja idan aka kwatanta da subsonic jet jiragen. Kusan kawai amfani da tsohon kan karshen wani riba a gudun. A cikin sauran supersonic jiragen rasa hankali fafatawa a gasa. Zirga-zirgar fasinja a kan su kawai ba biya kashe tattalin arziki. Bayan da flights sun kasance mafi hatsari fiye kawai wani jirgin saman da wani jet engine. A karshe factor, ba zato ba tsammani, shi ne na aikin dalilin da aiki aka tsaya farko supersonic Tu-144 kawai 'yan watanni bayan ta tashi.

Saboda haka, shi ne a warware wadannan matsaloli, da kuma aka tsĩrar da Developers na Tu-244. A jirgin sama dole ne abin dogara, azumi, amma a lokaci guda, da aiki domin kawo fasinjoji da ya zama kudin-tasiri.

fasaha halaye

A karshe model na Tu - 244, soma a cikin zane ya zuwa da su biyo fasaha da kuma aiki halaye.

The ƙungiya daga jirgin sama kunsa mutane uku. ciki damar da aka dauka a cikin kudi na 300 fasinjoji. Duk da haka, a karshe version na aikin shi ya yanke har zuwa 254 mutane, amma a wani hali da ya fi girma sosai fiye da na Tu-154, saliha a total na 150 fasinjoji.

Shirya cruising gudun ya 2.175 dubu. Km / h, wanda shi ne mafi girma daga sau biyu gudun sauti. Don kwatanta, wannan nuna alama a kan Tu-144 da aka daidaita 2,300 dubu km / h da kuma "Concord" - .. 2,125 dubu km / h. Wannan shi ne jirgin sama shirya yi a kadan hankali fiye da wanda ya riga, amma saboda wannan, muhimmanci ƙara iyãwarsa, wanda ya kamata ya samar da wani tattalin arziki da amfana daga harkokin sufuri na daukar fasinjoji. Movement bayar hudu turbofan engine. Range na jirgin da sabon jirgin sama ya zama 7500-9200 km. Load iya aiki - 300 tons.

Jirgin sama ya yi tsawon 88 m, mai tsawo na 15 m, da reshe share shi ya 45 m da tasiri surface yankin - 965 m ^2.

Babban waje bambanci tsakanin sabon jirgin sama daga Tu-144 ya kamata ya zama wani canji na hanci tsarin.

ci gaban

da aikin gina supersonic jirgin sama na biyu ƙarni na Tu-244 ya dauki wani m doguwar kuma sau da yawa ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Duk da haka, ko da bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet kirar Tupolev bai daina ci gaba a wannan shugabanci. Alal misali, riga, a 1993, a cikin iska show cikakken bayani kan ci gaban da aka bayar a Faransa. Duk da haka, da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki na kasar a cikin shekaru 90 ba zai iya amma shafi al'adar aikin. A gaskiya ma, ya ƙaddara sun rataye a cikin iska, ko da yake da zane aikin ci gaba, da kuma na aikin rahotanni na ta ƙulli ba. Yana da aka a wannan lokacin, da aikin fara rayayye shiga American masana, ko da yake lambobi tare da su da aka gudanar a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet.

Don ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a kan fasinja supersonic jirgin sama na biyu ƙarni, a 1993, biyu Tu-144 da aka tuba karkashin yawo dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Rufe ko daskare?

Kan bango na gudanar da cigaba da kuma ikirarin cewa a 2025 da TU-244 da jirgin sama zai zo a cikin aiki da sifirin jiragen sama a cikin adadin 100 raka'a, a sosai m ya da rashin aikin a jihar shirin domin cin gaban jirgin sama a cikin shekaru 2013-2025., Wanne da aka soma a shekara ta 2012 . Dole ne in ce cewa shirin rasa da dama sauran gagarumin aukuwa, wanda har zuwa wannan lokaci da aka dauke alamar a cikin jirgin sama masana'antu, misali, wata supersonic kasuwanci jet Tu-444.

Wannan al'amari zai iya ce cewa Tu-244 aikin ko dai har abada rufe ko daskarewa illa ma sha Allahu. A karshen harka, da sakin wadannan supersonic jirgin sama ne kawai da yawa daga baya, a 2025, da zai yiwu. Duk da haka, wani jami'in bayani a kan wannan batun ba a bai, cewa ya bar quite mai fadi da filin domin daban-daban fassarori.

al'amurra

Ba duk na sama, shi za a iya bayyana cewa, aikin Tu-244 ne a halin yanzu a wata ƙaramar za a iyo a cikin iska, kuma za a iya rufe. Sanarwar game da rabo daga cikin aikin da ya faru ba tukuna. Kuma bayyana dalilan da ya sa ya aka dakatar, ko kuma har abada rufe. Ko da yake shi iya zaci cewa ba za su iya zama wani rashin kudin jama'a don tafiyar da irin wannan aukuwa, da tattalin arziki da rashin aikin, ko factor cewa ya iya kawai abi'a rabu amfani a shekaru 30, kuma shi ne yanzu a kan ajanda ne mafi dadewa manufofin. Duk da haka, shi ne zai yiwu zuwa tasiri dukan uku dalilai lokaci guda.

A 2014, kafofin watsa labarai da aka sanya zaton game da farfado da aikin, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba su samu hukuma tabbaci, kamar yadda, lalle ne, da kuma sukar.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa kasashen waje cigaban supersonic fasinja jirgin sama na biyu ƙarni ba tukuna kai da gama line, da kuma aiwatar da yawa daga cikinsu a karkashin babban tambaya.

A lokaci guda, yayin da a can ne babu hukuma kalamai da umurnin mutane ya kamata ba gaba daya ba up a kan aikin na Tu-244.