Turanci Explorer, geographer, Anthropology, da kuma psychologist Sir Francis Galton: biography, binciken da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Sir Francis Galton aka haife Fabrairu 16, 1822, kusa Sparkbruka (Birmingham, Warwickshire, Ingila), kuma ya mutu a kan Janairu 17, 1911 a Heslemere (Surrey, Ingila). Wannan shi ne wani English Explorer, Anthropology, kuma eugenicist aka sani da ya soma karatu na mutum m. Knighted a 1909

Galton Frensis: biography

Francis yara yana farin ciki, da kuma ya yarda da godiya da cewa bashi da yawa to iyayena. Amma ba da amfani na gargajiya da kuma addini da ilimi samu a makaranta da kuma coci. Daga baya, ya shigar da shi a cikin wata wasika ga Charles Darwin cewa gargajiya Littafi Mai-Tsarki muhawara sanya shi "zullumi."

Iyaye fatan cewa dansa zai karatu magani, da kuma bayan wani yawon shakatawa da kiwon lafiya da wuraren a Turai a matsayin saurayi (a wajen m kwarewa ga dalibai ta shekaru), biye da horo a asibitoci a Birmingham da kuma London. Amma a wannan lokaci, bisa ga Galton, ya aka cika da sha'awar ga tafiya, yadda idan ya kasance migratory tsuntsaye. Halartar laccoci a cikin sunadarai a jami'ar Giessen (Jamus) da aka soke a cikin ni'imar da tafiya zuwa ta Kudu-Gabas Turai. Daga Vienna ya yi tafiya ta hanyar Constanza, Konstantinoful, Smyrna, kuma Athens da kuma fito da su daga cikin kogwanni Adelsberg (yanzu Postojna, Slovenia), da samfurori makafi amphibian kira Proteus - na farko a Ingila. Bayan ya sake Galton shiga Trinity College, Cambridge, inda a cikin shekara ta uku ta horo a sakamakon overwork m. Canza salon, ya sauri gyara da kansa, cewa ya taimake shi a nan gaba.

tafiya ƙishirwa

Bayan barin Cambridge ba tare da wani mataki Francis Galton ci gaba likita ilimi a London. Amma kafin shi da aka kammala, mahaifinsa ya mutu, da barin wani isasshen yanayin Frances "ya zama m" da likita sana'a. Galton yanzu iya karfafa gwiwar 'craving canza wuraren.

Slow balaguro a 1845-1846 gg. zuwa sama da ya kai na Nile tare da abokai da kuma Ruhu Mai Land kadai zama da share fage ga wani sosai shirya shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin unexplored yankunan kudu maso yammacin Afirka. Bayan shawara tare da Royal Kasa Society, Galton yanke shawarar bincika yiwuwar wucewa daga kudu kuma daga yamma zuwa Lake Ngami, located arewa na Kalahari Desert, 885 km gabashin Walvis Bay. The balaguro, wanda kunshi biyu tafiye-tafiye, daya zuwa arewa, da sauran su gabas, daga daya database, ya na da wuya, kuma unsafe. Ko da yake masu bincike sun ba kai Ngami, sun samu bayani mai muhimmanci. A sakamakon haka, yana da shekaru 31, a 1853-m, Galton Frensis an zabe Fellow na Royal Kasa Society, kuma bayan shekaru uku - Royal Society. Har ila yau a 1853 ya aure Louise Butler. Bayan wani taƙaitaccen gudun amarci a Turai da biyu zauna a London, kuma a 1855, Galton fara aiki.

farkon littafin

A farko bazawa na binciken da abin ya shafa cikin ƙasa - da littafin "The Art of Travel" da aka buga a 1855. Shi ya fara bayyana ãyõyi cewa shi yana bunkasa kimiyya son sani a sabon kwatance. A farko abu na hayayyafa bincike Galton fara yanayin yanayi. Ya fara zana maps of iskõki da matsin lamba da kuma lura dangane sosai hanzari shaida cewa babban matsin cibiyoyin suna halin da iska shugabanci kewaye iri na agogo a kusa da m cibiyar. A 1863 ya zo sama da sunan ga irin wannan tsarin "anticyclone". Biye da dama sauran ayyukan ƙwarai, a cikin abin da ya ji for hanyar zuwa Concepts na hulda da kuma komawa da baya.

A 1870, Galton karanta wa Birtaniya Association rahoton taken "barometric weather kiyasin," a cikin abin da ya matso kusa da mahara komawa da baya, kokarin hango ko hasashen iska matsa lamba, zazzabi da kuma zafi. Ya gaza, amma saita aiki ga wasu, wanda daga baya ya yi nasara.

The Legacy da masanin kimiyyar

A rashin bincike Francis Galton rubuta tara littattafai da kuma game da 200 articles. Suka taɓa yawa batutuwa, ciki har da yin amfani da yatsansa don ganewa, hulda lissafi (Sashe na aiyuka Statistics) a cikin abin da Galton hidimar majagaba. Ya kuma rubuta game da jini, aikata laifi, art, tafiya a underdeveloped kasashe da meteorology. Mafi yawansu ya wallafe bayyana wani hali na marubucin don quantify. Farkon aikin, misali, shafi na ilimin kididdiga tabbaci na da tasiri na salla. Bugu da kari, domin 34 shekaru, ya na da hannu a cikin kyautata na ji nagartacce.

yatsansa

Da ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin 12 laifi metering tsarin sigogi dangantaka Bertillon, Galton zama sha'awar gano da mutum. A wani labarin na Royal Institute, a cikin abin da ya tattauna bertillionazh, ya bazata kusantar da hankali ga juna a kan sauki. A cikin littafinsa, "yatsa" (1892), marubucin ya tabbatar da cewa:

• juna ya rage m cikin rayuwar mutum.
• da dama alamu gaske mai girma.
• yatsansa za a iya classified ko leksikonizirovat haka cewa a lokacin da suke sallama zuwa ga gwani kafa a kan shi, tare da tunani da ya dace ƙamus ko ta m, za a iya ce da wannan sa an rajista ko ba.

A saboda abin da na littafin da shaida ga wannan kwamitin halitta da ma'aikatar cikin gida a 1893 shi ne halittar Ma'aikatar yatsansa - da riga na da yawa irin wannan a dukan duniya. Sam Francis Galton, kamar yadda iya sa ran daga baya aiki da bukatun, ya juya zuwa ga nazari na gado juna. Wannan binciken da aka za'ayi domin shekaru masu yawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya kafa da kuma wadda aka daga baya suna biye da shi.

eugenics farfaganda

Duk da manyan gudunmawar zuwa yankunan da yawa na ilmi, wanda ya sa Francis Galton, eugenics kimiyya ne ya main amfani. A sauran rayuwarsa ya sadaukar da gabatarwa da ra'ayin inganta jiki da hankulansu tsarin da jinsunan mutane da zabe nunawa na ma'aurata. Francis Galton, a dan uwan na Charles Darwin, ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko don gane da muhimmancin da ka'idar juyin halitta ga mutãne. Ya gane cewa ka'idar da aka karyata mafi zamani tauhidin, kuma ma buɗe sama dama ga habarta kyautata na mutum.

hereditary baiwa

Francis Galton buga da kalmar "eugenics" don nuna a fakaice da kimiyya kokarin kara da rabo daga mutane da high kwayoyin Endowment da zabe kiwo mãtan aure. A cikin littafinsa "hereditary Genius" (1869), ya yi amfani da kalmar "baiwa" ka koma ga "musamman high kuma m" damar iya yin komai. Ya main shaida ne cewa shafi tunanin mutum da kuma ta jiki halaye an gaji daidai. Duk da yake wannan hukunci da aka ba a karɓa. Lokacin da Darwin farko karanta littafin, ya rubuta cewa marubucin ya iya juya shi daga wani abokin gaba ya maida, kamar yadda ya ko da yaushe ya ce cewa mutane ba su bambanta ba yawa da hankali, amma kawai himma da kuma aiki tukuru. "Hereditary Genius" Lalle, haƙiƙa ya taimake shi ya fadada da ka'idar juyin halittar mutum. Cousin da aka ambata ba a cikin "Origin of Species" (1859), amma kawo sunayensu da dama sau a cikin "Descent of Man" (1871).

A babban ƙarfin

Taƙaitaccen labari wanda ya kare Francis Galton, - Psychology na mutum gaji kazalika da jiki halaye - aka karfi isa ya haifar da nasu na sirri addini falsafa. Ya rubuta cewa, babu shakka game da wanzuwar iko mai girma samuwa, wanda za a iya amfani da tare da wata babbar riba, da zaran shi za a yi karatu, gane da kuma amfani.

Galton littafin "Nazarin na mutum damar iya yin komai" (1883) kunshi game da 40 Articles 2 zuwa 30 shafukan kowane, dangane da kimiyya takardunku rubuta tsakanin 1869 da kuma 1883. Yana da wani summary marubucin ra'ayoyi a kan mutum ta iyawa. Ga kowane daga cikin batutuwa marubucin gudanar ya yi wani abu na asali da kuma ban sha'awa, kuma shi ya sa ya bayyana, dunkule ne, asali da kuma fadin. Bisa ga sharuddan da nufinsa, a Jami'ar London Department of Eugenics aka kafa.

suna

A cikin karni na 20th sunan Galton, yafi nasaba da eugenics. Saboda shi ya mayar da hankali a kan m bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane, shi ya generated tuhuma daga waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni da al'adu (na zamantakewa da kuma ilimi) dalilai sun fi mayar da m m ko nazarin halittu domin su bayar da gudunmawar da bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane. Saboda haka, eugenics ne sau da yawa gani a matsayin magana na aji da nuna bambanci, da kuma Galton kira reactionary. Duk da haka, wannan hangen nesa na eugenics karkatar da tunani, tun da manufar da aka haifar da ba da aristocratic Elite da yawan kunsha gaba ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau maza da mata. Galton ta ideas, kamar Darwin, aka iyakance da rashin wani isasshen ka'idar gadar hali. A rediscovery na Mendel ta aiki ya zama da latti to muhimmanci shafi gudunmawar da masanin kimiyya.