Tushen gashi ne ... Ayyukan tushen gashi

An bayyana sifofin ƙwayar ƙarfe a cikin tsire-tsire ta tsari na musamman na sassan jikinsu: tushen, tushe, ganye, da ake kira ganyayyaki. Suna da alhakin tafiyar da photosynthesis, transpiration, osmosis. A cikin wannan takarda, zamu bincika tsarin da ayyuka na abubuwa masu rai irin su gashin gashi. Wadannan abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci waɗanda zasu ƙayyade ruwan sha da ma'adinai daga ƙasa.

Tushen - tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire

A karkashin kasa part of gymnosperms da flowering shuke-shuke da aka wakilta iri biyu na tushen tsarin: core kuma fibrous. Sun ƙunshi manyan, na gefe, kayan haɓaka (a cikin tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsalle) da kuma adadin kananan ƙananan, wanda ake kira - gashin gashi.

Wadannan sune sunadaran da ke wakiltar kwayoyin guda guda daya na epibblem (rhizoderm). An kira su "trioblasts." Kasancewa da goyon baya da kuma aiwatar da ayyuka na adana abubuwa masu rai, sha da kuma haifuwa (abin da ake kira tushen cututtuka a cikin cherries, willows), tushen yana watsawa a kai tsaye a cikin irin wannan matakai na rayuwa irin su transpiration, respiration, and photosynthesis.

Sashin sashi

Babban tushe yana da tsari mai tasowa, kuma sassa daban-daban suna aiki da yawa. Dangane da wannan, ana kiran su yankuna. Dangane da aikin gashin gashi (a saman filin da ke shiga yankin ci gaba), kuma an samo wani nau'i na ɓangaren jigilar nama. An kira wannan yankin yankin sashi. Yana da daga ɗaya zuwa uku santimita. A cikin wannan yanki za'a iya kasancewa daga 200 zuwa 1500 kuma mafi yawan kwayoyin epibblem elongated. Ba su da tsawon rai: daga sa'o'i zuwa 20, sai suka mutu. A lokaci guda kuma, an kafa sabon tsarin daga rhizoderm. Kwayar gashin gashi, a cikin hulɗa tare da ƙasa, yana iya shayar da kwayoyin ruwa da kuma narkar da salts daga gare shi a cikin nau'i na sodium, chlorine, magnesium, magunguna na nitrate, nitrite da acid phosphate.

Kwafi da fasali na tsari

Wannan shuka nama tana nufin wani rukuni na farko meristems. Ta hanyar shiga cikin rarraba, sassanta suna samar da irin wadannan abubuwa kamar gashin gashi. Wannan na faruwa a cikin matsanancin Layer na ilimi masana'anta na tushen - fellogene. Rhizoderm da aka kafa a lokacin kakar girma ya mutu. A madadinsa, an kafa ƙwayoyin raƙuman ƙwayoyin jikin jiki - nau'in haɗari na biyu wanda ba zai iya iya shawo kan maganin ƙasa ba. Wani sabon gashin gashi, wanda aikinsa shine sha ruwan da ma'adinai na ma'adinai, an samo shi ne daga ɓangaren ɓangaren kwakwalwa.

Ayyuka na tushen gashi

Wadannan sifofin sun samo asali ne daga zanga-zangar rhizoderm kuma suna wakiltar kwayoyin guda guda daya daga cikin rukunin farko, wanda zai iya shawo kan maganin ƙasa. A tsawon lokaci, suna shimfiɗawa, kuma kwayar halitta tana iya gudanawa a cikin mafita na hypotonic da kuma mayar da hankali ga salts. Lokacin da takin mai magani na ma'adinai, alal misali, an gabatar da takin mai magani da nitrogen da potassium, abun ciki na ammonium, potassium, da kuma ƙwayoyin nitrate suna ƙaruwa cikin ƙasa. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin bazara, saboda lokaci ne mafi kyau don amfani da takin mai magani irin wannan. Maganin ƙasa wanda ke dauke da nau'in ions da aka lissafa a sama ya shiga cikin cytoplasm na trichoblast ta hanyar watsawa mai yawa.

Yin amfani da takin mai magani na phosphorus, wanda ya buƙaci karin lokaci don rushewa, yana haddasa maye gurbin albarkatun phosphate da metaphosphoric acid daga tushen gashin ions. Da farko na motsi a cikin marigayi Fabrairu - farkon Maris, kusan dukkanin girman kwayar rhizoderm cike da kwatsam, an cire magungunan zuwa juyawa na gashin gashi. Tuntun kanta tana iya ɓoye kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta: oxalic, apple. Suna kwantar da ƙwayoyin humus, bunkasa tsarin sha. Harshen gashin gashi yana faruwa sosai. Duk da dan gajeren rai, suna iya shawo kan albarkatun ƙasa. Alal misali, woody shuka tsotsa yanki ne game da 120 to 640 m ^2.

Mene ne trioblasts?

A baya can, munyi nazarin siffofin tsarin da ayyuka na ainihin nama na murfin inji. Ya ƙunshi nau'i daya daga cikin sel kuma an kira shi gurbi, wanda yake a kan tushen layi na matasa, yana fitowa daga asali ko kayan haɓaka. Tushen gashi shine nauyin nau'in nama wanda ke da mahimmanci, wanda yake da karfi da yawa. Dole ne a tuna da cewa dukkanin kwayoyin halittu sune gurbatacce, wato, suna iya haifar da gashin gashi. Amma an samo su ne kawai daga trioblasts - protrusions of epibles, suna da nau'i na microscopic tubercles.

Shafi nama alhakin samuwar trihoblastov yana cytologic fasali na tsarin: a Kwayoyin rasa cuticle da m bango cellulose. A cikin cytoplasm akwai babban adadin kwayoyin halitta sun hada kwayoyin ATP, mitochondria. Sun zama dole, tun da ruwan sha da ruwan ma'adinai na bukatar makamashi. Trihoblasty ma da stomata - rufe nama abubuwa alhakin tafiyar matakai numfashi shuke-shuke da transpiration - ruwa evaporation.

Ta yaya mafita salts shiga cikin tushen tsire-tsire

Trichoblast da gashin gashi daga jikinsa, wanda aikinsa shine sha ruwan da ma'adinai na ma'adinai daga ƙasa, za'a iya daukar su tsarin tsarin osmotic. Rashin murfin ganuwar kwayar halitta da kuma rubutun da ke cikin membrane yana taimakawa daukar nauyin kwayoyin daga yanayin waje zuwa cikin cytoplasm. A wasu kwayoyin musamman na gashin gashi - vacuoles, maganin hypertensive na glucose, fructose, apple, citric da oxalic acid tara.

Dukkanin membrane da kwayoyin tonoplast sun zaɓa mai kyau semipermeability. Sabili da haka, yanayin ƙasa, wanda ba shi da hankali fiye da kwayar halitta, ya shiga tushen gashin gashi bisa ga ka'idar osmosis. Ruwa na ruwa na mafita daga ƙasa yana da girma fiye da wannan index a cikin tonoplast, kuma yiwuwar osmotic ƙananan. Ana fitar da ruwa da ma'adinai na salts daga jikin gashin gashi zuwa xylem. Wannan conductive masana'anta kafa shuka kwantena - ko trachea tracheids. A kansu, ƙasa bayani ta motsa tsire-tsire zuwa ganyayyaki da sauran sassa na shuka.

Sannan kuma ma'anarsa

Don ƙara yawan sashi na tushen tsarin, yana da muhimmanci don ƙara yawan adadin layi. Su epilobium dauke da trichoblasts, kuma zai samar da ƙarin tushen gashi. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da hanya ta hanyar inji ta farfashe tushen tushen, ta lalata yankin fission dake sama da akwati. An kira shi da zaba. Wannan hanya ta haifar da ci gaba da ɓangarori na gefe, wanda yawancin gashin gashi suna tasowa. A wannan yanayin, ci gaba da tushen asalin ya tsaya a tsawon. Babban yanki na sashi na haɓaka yana da tasirin tasiri da ci gaba da shuka, yana bunkasa yawan amfanin ƙasa da mahimmanci.

A cikin wannan labarin da muka duba tsarin fasali na sha sashi daga cikin tushen angiosperms kuma samu daga abin da yake da aiki na tushen gashi, girma daga rhizodermis.