Volga Jamus: tarihi, sunayen, lists, photos, hadisai, kwastan, Legends, fitarwa

A cikin XVIII karni, wani sabon kabila na Volga Jamusawa a Rasha. Waɗannan su ne mulkin mallaka da suka tafi da Gabas a search na mafi rayuwa. A Volga yankin, suka halitta mai raba lardin tare da mawaki da kuma hanyarsa ta rayuwa. Zuriyar wadannan baƙi aka tura zuwa tsakiyar Asiya a lokacin yakin duniya na II. Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet kadai zauna a Kazakhstan, da sauran koma ga Volga yankin, da kuma wasu suka tafi su tarihi mahaifarsa.

Bayyana Catherine II

A 1762-1763 gg. Empress Catherine II hannu da manifesto na biyu, godiya ga wanda Rasha daga baya ya bayyana Volga Jamusawa. Wadannan takardu yarda kasashen waje shiga cikin daular, samun ribobin. Babbar kalaman na mulkin mallaka zo daga Jamus. Zo dan lokaci kebe daga haraji wajibai. musamman littãfi, wanda ya hada da ƙasa bã free matsayi ga mazauna da aka kafa. Idan Volga Jamus ya daidaita a kan su, sa'an nan ba su iya biya su haraji na shekaru 30.

Bugu da kari, da mulkin mallaka samu rance ba tare da sha'awa ga shekaru goma. Kudi za a iya ciyar a kan yi da kansa sabon gidajensu, saye da dabbobi, da abinci, da ake bukata domin fara girbi kayan aiki don aikin noma, da sauransu. D. yankunan sun markedly daban-daban daga m al'ada Rasha kauyuka. A cikin ciki kai ne ya kafa. Jami'an gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki a cikin rãyuwar mulkin mallaka ya isa.

Kafa mulkin mallakar a Jamus

A shirye-shiryen da ambaliya daga kasashen waje a Rasha, Catherine II (kanta an kabilanci Jamus) halitta Office of waliccinsu. Yana da aka gangarawa ta fi so na Empress Grigory Orlov. The Office yi kan daidai da sauran abokan aiki.

Manifestos aka buga a Turai da dama harsuna. A mafi tsanani yakin neman zabe ta ci gaba a Jamus (saboda abin da ya bayyana da kuma Volga Jamusawa). Mafi yawa daga cikin mulkin mallaka da aka samu a Frankfurt da kuma Ulm. Fata su matsa zuwa Rasha tafi Lübeck kuma daga can, da farko, a St. Petersburg. Daukar ma'aikata da hannu ba ne kawai da jami'an gwamnati, amma kuma masu zaman kansu, 'yan kasuwa, wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin mai kira. Wadannan mutane sun kamu da tare da Office of waliccinsu da amsa a kan ta madadin. Su da cewa sun kafa sabon ƙauyuka, ya] auki mulkin mallaka gudu, ga al'umma da kuma rike da wani ɓangare na samun kudin shiga daga gare su.

sabon rai

A 1760. da kokari mai kira da jihar sun agitated don motsawa 30 dubu mutane. A farko, da Jamus zauna a St. Petersburg da kuma Oranienbaum. Akwai su rantsar da biyayya ga Rasha kambi da kuma zama batutuwa na Empress. Dukan waɗannan natsuwa mayar da su cikin Volga, inda ya daga baya Saratov lardin aka kafa. Domin da farko 'yan shekaru akwai wani 105 ƙauyuka. Abin lura shi ne cewa dukansu sun kasance daga Rasha sunayen. Duk da wannan da Jamus kiyaye su ainihi.

Ikon riƙe da gwaji tare da mazauna wajen samar da Rasha aikin noma. The gwamnatin so duba yadda za a samun saba yammacin matsayin aikin noma. Volga Jamusawa kawo tare da su wani sabon gida scythe, katako, sussuka kuma yă, garma da sauran kayan da suke ba a sani ba zuwa ga Rasha manoma. Baƙi ya fara girma dankali ba a sani ba zuwa yau, iyalinsu Volga yankin. suna kuma tsunduma a cikin namo hemp, flax, taba da sauran amfanin gona. A farko Rasha yawan ne wary na baki ko m. Yau, masu bincike ci gaba da karanta abin da ya tafi labari game da Volga Jamusawa, da kuma abin da suka dangantakansu da makwabta.

ci gaba

Lokaci ya nuna cewa gwaji na Catherine II ya kasance musamman nasara. A mafi m da kuma nasara gonaki a Rasha kauye ya zama wani shiri, suka zauna a Volga Jamusawa. Tarihi daga mazauna ne wani misali da wani barga wadata. Jindadin samu saboda m noma a yarda da Volga Jamusawa samun nasu masana'antu. A farkon karni XIX a cikin ƙauyuka sun ruwa Mills, wanda ya zama wani kayan aiki na gari da samar. To ɓullo da kayan lambu mai masana'antu, samar da kayan aikin noma, da kuma ulu. Karkashin Alexander II a Saratov yankin shi ya kasance fiye da dari tanneries, wanda ya kafa da Volga Jamusawa.

Labarin da nasara tana da ban sha'awa. Bayyanar da mulkin mallaka ba impetus ga ci gaban masana'antu sakar. Yana zama cibiyar Sarepta, wanda ya wanzu a cikin rãyuwar iyakoki na Volgograd. Enterprises domin samar da shawl da yadudduka amfani high quality Turai yarn daga Saxony da Silesia, kazalika da siliki daga Italiya.

addini

Addini da kuma hadisai na Volga Jamusawa ba uniform. Sun zo daga yankuna daban-daban a lokaci, bãbu lõkacin united Jamus da kuma ta raba umarni wanzu a kowane lardi. Shi shafi, da kuma addini. Lists na Volga Jamus, harhada ta Office of gadi, nuna cewa daga cikinsu akwai Lutherans, Katolika, Mennonites, Baptists, kazalika da wakilan sauran addini ƙungiyoyi da kuma kungiyoyin.

Bisa ga manifesto, da mulkin mallaka iya gina nasu majami'u kawai a ƙauyuka inda ba-Russian jama'ar na Mafiya yawa. Jamusawa da suke zaune a manyan birane, a karon farko da irin wannan hakkokin da aka hana. Haka kuma an haramta ga inganta Lutheran da kuma Katolika koyarwarsa. A wasu kalmomin, da addini da manufofin da gwamnatin Rasha ya ba da mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai yawa da 'yanci kamar yadda ba su iya cutar da maslahohin da Orthodox Church. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a lokaci guda, rani, za a iya yi masa baftisma a cikin ayyukan hajji na Musulmi da sanya su serfs.

Tun da addini da aka alaka da yawa hadisai da Legends na Volga Jamusawa. Holidays ake bikin da Lutheran kalanda. Bugu da kari, da mulkin mallaka da aka adana kasa hadisai. Wadannan sun hada da Harvest Festival, wanda har yanzu bikin a Jamus.

Karkashin Soviet mulki,

A juyin juya halin na 1917 , dole canza rayuwar dukkan 'yan ƙasa na tsohon Rasha Empire. Babu togiya, kuma Volga Jamusawa. Photos of su mazauna a cikin marigayi tsarist zamanin show cewa zuriyar baƙi daga Turai rayu ya zama ruwan dare daga yanayinsu, su maƙwabtansu. Sun kiyaye su harshe, da al'adu, da kuma ainihi. Domin shekaru masu yawa, kasar tambaya zauna warware matsalar. Amma tare da zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks Jamusawa samu damar haifar da nasu cin gashin cikin Soviet Rasha.

The so na zuriyar mulkin mallaka su zauna a cikin nasu batu na tarayya da aka gaishe a Moscow tare da fahimtar. A shekarar 1918, bisa ga shawarar na jama'ar kasar Commissars majalisar da m yankin na Volga Jamusawa da aka kafa a 1924 sake masa suna cikin cin gashin kanta Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar. Its babban birnin kasar ya Pokrovsky, sake masa suna Engels.

collectivization

Labor da al'adu na Volga Jamusawa a yarda musu su haifar da daya daga cikin mafi m sassa na Rasha lardin. Ku busa wa alheri fara juyin juya halin da kuma azabar da yaki da shekaru. A cikin 20s da aka samu wasu dawo, wanda ya dauki mafi girma da ya faru a lokacin da NEP.

Duk da haka, a 1930 a kan Tarayyar Soviet fara gangamin dispossession. Collectivization da lalata zaman kansa dukiya ya kai ga mafi ban tausayi sakamakon. mafi tasiri da kuma m gonaki da aka lalata. Manoma, kananan kasuwanci masu, kuma da yawa wasu mazauna m jamhuriyar aka repressed. A wannan lokacin, da Jamus sami kansu a karkashin hari a kan wani par tare da sauran manoma na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka kora a cikin gama kai da gonaki da kuma hana saba rayuwa.

Yunwa na farkon 30 ta

Saboda halakar da saba tattalin arziki a cikin Volga Jamus Jamhuriyar, kamar yadda a wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Soviet, da yunwa. Yawan jama'a daban-daban da aka ƙoƙarin ajiye matsayinsa. Wasu mazauna dauki ga haduwa, wanda tambayi Soviet gwamnati don taimaka wadata abinci. Sauran manoma, gaba daya disillusioned da Bolsheviks halshen wani hari a kan wani sito, inda aka adana zaba jihar burodi. Wani nau'i na rashin amincewa da aka yi watsi da aikin a kan na gama gonaki.

Kan bango da irin sentiments hukumomin leken asiri fara neman fitar da "subversive" da " 'yan tawaye", wanda mafi tsanani haramta shi matakan. A lokacin rani na 1932 da yunwa ya kama birnin. Matsananciyar manoma sun koma ga washe filayen da har yanzu m amfanin gona. A halin da ake ciki stabilized kawai a 1934, lokacin da kasar starved kisa ga dubban mutane.

fitarwa

Ko da yake mulkin mallaka zuriyarsu a cikin farkon Soviet shekaru sun samu matsala, sun kasance game duniya. A wannan yanayi, da Volga Jamusawa sa'an nan wuya sananne ga rabonsu daga Rasha talakawa jama'a na Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da haka, da farko na Great Patriotic War karshe rabu da mazaunan jamhuriyar daga cikin sauran 'yan ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet.

A watan Agusta, 1941, da shawarar da aka sanya, bisa ga abin da aka ɗebe na Volga Jamusawa. Su aka tura zuwa Asiya ta tsakiya, domin tsoron hadin gwiwa tare da dannawa Wehrmacht. Volga Jamusawa ba ne mutanen da suke samu tilasta muhallinsa. A wannan rabo awaited da Chechens, da Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars.

Da kawar da Jamhuriyar

Tare da fitarwa ya abolition na cin gashin kanta Jamhuriyar Volga Jamusawa. ASSSR da ƙasa na NKVD aka gabatar. Mazauna, an umurce cikin sa'o'i 24 da tattara 'yan abubuwa jiyar da kuma shirya domin sake ma su matsugunni. A cikin duka, game da 440.000 mutane da aka tura.

A lokaci guda soja sabis mutane na Jamus kabila da aka cire ta daga gaba, kuma aika zuwa ga raya. Maza da kuma mata sun kasance a cikin abin da ake kira aiki sojojinsa. Sun gina masana'antu Enterprises, aiki a mahakar da kaya maras amfani sansani.

Rayuwa a Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma Siberia

M deportees aka zaunar da su a Kazakhstan. Bayan da yaki, sun kasance bã su yarda su koma zuwa ga Volga yankin da kuma mayar da su jamhuriyar. Game 1% na yawan na Kazakhstan yau la'akari da kansu Jamusawa.

Har shekara ta 1956 ya aka tura zuwa musamman ƙauyuka. Kowane wata da suka yi tafiya zuwa Kwamandan ta ofishin da kuma sa alama a wani musamman mujallar. Har ila yau, wani gagarumin rabo daga baƙi zauna a Siberia, sau daya a cikin Omsk yankin, da Altai yankin da Urals.

wayewar

Bayan faduwar kwaminisanci gwamnati Volga Jamusawa karshe samu 'yancin motsi. By karshen 80s. game da rayuwa a cikin cin gashin kanta Jamhuriyar tuna kawai tsohon-Ms.. Saboda haka, 'yan kaxan koma ga Volga yankin (yafi a Engels a Saratov yankin). A yawa na deportees, da zũriyarsu kasance a Kazakhstan.

A mafi yawan daga cikin Jamusawa suka tafi su tarihi mahaifarsa. Bayan da daidaituwa na Jamus ta amince da sabon version na doka a kan da dawowar su compatriots, da farkon version of abin da ya bayyana bayan yakin duniya na biyu. The daftarin aiki ta tanadi da yanayin zama dole ga nan da nan dan kasa. Wadannan da bukatun ne m da, da kuma Volga Jamusawa. Sunayen da harshen wasu daga cikinsu zauna guda, sa shi sauki a hade a cikin wani sabon rai.

Bisa ga doka, dan kasa samu kowa da kowa zuriyar Volga mulkin mallaka. Wasu daga cikinsu sun dade da aka assimilated cikin Soviet gaskiya, amma har yanzu ina so in tafi zuwa yamma. Da zarar a cikin '90s, da Jamusanci hukumomi sun wuya da al'adar dan kasa, da yawa Rasha-Jamusawa zauna a Kaliningrad yankin. Wannan yankin ya da Gabas Prussia da kuma wani bangare ne na Jamus. Yau a Rasha akwai game da 500,000 mutane na Jamus kabila, yana da 178 dubu zuriyar Volga mulkin mallaka rayuwa a Kazakhstan.