Orlov Aleksandr Mihaylovich (Leib Lazarevic Feldbin) NKVD da Tarayyar Soviet: biography

A shekarar 1952, sanannen American magazine "Life" da aka buga a jerin articles, wanda sun zama real abin mamaki. A cikinsu marubucin, wani tsohon Soviet leken asiri, da kuma lokacin defector, ya tsere zuwa kasashen yamma - Igor K. Berg - saukar da shaida game da laifuka na Stalin gwamnatin, wanda ya san, suka ce, daga ciki, kuma wanda ya kai tsaye hali. Wane ne wannan da mutumin, da kuma abin da ya sa shi ya bar mahaifarsa?

Matasa Future Scout

Ya real name - Life Lazarevic Feldbin. Ya aka haife Agusta 21, 1895 zuwa Yahudawa iyali zaune a garin Bobruisk, Minsk lardin. Yana zai rayu, ya taba bar ransa a cewa m daga cikin Metropolitan bustle na gari, amma a 1916, a tsakiyar yakin duniya na II, samu wani sammaci da aka tilasta sa a kan wani soja ta abakwat. Duk da haka promorzshie ramuka manyan mukamai ba jira ga matasa Leyba Feldbina wanda ya yi aiki a raya har farkon Fabrairu juyin juya halin.

Talauci shiryar da a cikin maelstrom na siyasa da ta share Rasha bayan faduwar autocracy, ya a watan Fabrairu 1917 shiga cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis na United Internationalists, shi ne daya daga cikin halittun da nan Social Democrats. Amma a cikin sahu na kungiyar bai tsaya dogon - ya zama a cikin sahu na Red Army a cikin yakin basasa, ya zama memba na Life na RCP (b).

Leo Lazarevic - ma'aikaci na Special Department

Bayan da aka sani tun suna yara da haushi talauci da kuma na kasa wulãkanci, generated da wani sanannun dokokin da Kodadde na warware ga Yahudawa, ya yi imani da zuciya ɗaya a cikin wadanda high akida wadda ta Bolsheviks sanar da burin na siyasa da ayyukan. Leib ya sa'an nan kawai shekara ashirin da biyar, kuma ya tare da duk ardor na matasa garzaya zuwa yãƙi tãre da waɗanda suka, bisa ga akida, gumaka ne, ya hana farko na duniya da farin ciki.

A 1920, ya zama wani ma'aikaci na Special Sashen 12 da sojojin da suka sashi a cikin ganewa da kuma kawar da counter-kungiyoyin neman sauyi a Ukraine. Domin nuna wannan abun fama da ƙungiya halaye Leyba da wadannan shekara An nada shugaban manufa ta musamman naúrar. A lokaci guda ya canjãwa sunan, saboda haka cewa a nan gaba duk takardun da aka jera a matsayin Lev Lazarevich Nikolsky.

Stage aiki da kuma karatu a Moscow

A 1921, jam'iyyar aiwatarda Lva Lazarevicha a Arkhangelsk, ya shiryar da Asirin Ayyuka Division. Nan, bayan wani gajeren lokaci, sai aka nada a matsayin shugaban sashen binciken na wakili da kuma izini da tace White Guard jami'an wanda aka bai wa damar barin Rasha.

A wannan shekara, Nicholas a matsayin mai yiwuwa ma'aikaci da kuma memba na RCP (B) na'am da shugabanci karatu a Moscow, inda ya ciyar da gaba shekaru hudu a matsayin dalibi a School of Law, halitta a kan tushen da Moscow University. Duk wannan lokaci da darussa a cikin aji, ya hadawa da m aiki a tilasta doka, kuma a kan kammala binciken yaba ma'aikaci GPU tattalin arziki management, karkashin jagorancin dan uwansa Zinoviy Katznelson.

Service a waje leken

Career Scout Lva Lazarevicha ya fara a 1926, tare da yin rajista a jihar na waje sashen na OGPU. Bayani dalla-dalla na nan gaba aikin tilasta masa ya ci gaba da rayuwa karkashin wani zaci sunan. Daga yanzu, shi ya tsaya takardun: Orlov Aleksandr Mikhailovich. Tsohon farko da na karshe suna ne kawai a asirce manyan fayiloli HR.

Samun horar da kuma daidai mallakan da dama kasashen waje harsuna, shi aikin daban-daban ayyuka a cikin kasashen da dama na Turai da kuma Amurka. A musamman, shi ya jagoranci Eagles aiki kai tsaye tare da Kimom Filbi - wani babban jami'i na Birtaniya m dauka ta Soviet leken asiri. Saboda Orlov duka cibiyar sadarwa na jamiái da aka halitta kewaye da shi, aiki a kan Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan shi ne shahararren "Cambridge kungiyar", wanda ya shiga cikin tarihi na duniya na hankali.

Spanish zinariya

A shekarar 1936, karya da Spanish yakin basasa, da kuma Orlov Aleksandr Mihaylovich aka aiko can don taimaka Republican gwamnati a matsayin masani, a ciki tsaro da kuma counterintelligence. A nan, tare da sa hannu ya brilliantly shirye da za'ayi aiki don canja wurin na Tarayyar Soviet, wani babban ɓangare na zinariya ajiye na Spain, a sakamakon wanda ya juya a kira su 510 ton na daraja karfe, asusun domin kusan 73% na dukkan cewa mahaukaci Spanish State Bank a Moscow safes. Bauta kamar yadda ya kuma mutane da yawa wasu ayyuka da cewa ya ba NKVD.

wuya yanke shawara

A 1936, Stalin ya ba impetus ga aiwatar da ya kai ga daya daga cikin mafi duhu lokaci na Soviet tarihi da aka sani da Great Ta'addanci. A kasar a cikin wadannan shekaru, a kalaman na taro repressions sha wahala da mafiya yawa girma a cikin wani hanya m mutane. Sun kuma shãfe a kan siyasa da kuma soja da jagoranci. Mutane da yawa suka kafa da kuma Tsohon soji na Cheka da aka cire daga posts, kuma daga baya da aka kama da kuma kashe su a ranar fili trumped-up zargin. Daga cikinsu akwai da yawa, wanda ya fara da sabis Orlov.

Alexander cike da sanin cewa jima ko daga baya shi ne jiran wannan rabo. Ƙarfafa amincewa da wannan, kuma da yawa da sake dubawa a Moscow na kasashen aiki a kasashen waje. Sun samu wani domin su zo a kan kasuwanci, kuma an kama tare da iyalansu dama a gangara na jirgin sama. A watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1938, Orlov karshe warware karya tare da gwamnati, da gwamnatin wanda ya dauki laifi kuma gabatar da wani mutum hadari ga shi da iyalinsa.

tilasta jirgin

A wannan lokaci, a karkashin sosai m hali ya mutu bisa ga abke, nan da nan m Orlov, shugaban na waje sashen na NKVD, Abram Slutsky, da kuma wurin da aka nada S. M. Shpigelglas. Fabrairu 17 Alexander aka umurce ka sadu da shi a kan jirgin Soviet "Svir" jirgin isa a Antwerp. Duk da haka, ya yi kowane dalilin yi imani da cewa, sama da mataki, ya za a kama a tarko.

A wani taron tare da sabon kocin, ya bai bayyana. Maimakon haka, shi da matarsa, da kuma 'yar, kuma tare da sittin dala dubu daga Corporate Asusun, Orlov Aleksandr Mihaylovich asirce tafi France, sa'an nan ya koma ta hanyar Canada da Amurka. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya har yanzu yana da dangi. Don kare su daga yiwu ramuwar gayya domin kuɓuta, Eagles aika wata wasika zuwa ga NKVD. A da shi, ya yi gargadin cewa idan suka shafi mutane kusa da shi, shi kuma zai ba da waje da sabis na bayanai game Soviet 'yan leƙen asirin aiki a kasashe daban-daban.

Hukumomi 'martani

Wannan barazana Orlov gudanar m kawai su gida, abin da gaske ba ta shãfe domin kauce wa gazawar da ya yi alkawari, amma da yawa m shugabannin sun sha wahala daga gudun hijira. Daga cikin su Yakubu Serebryansky, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban musamman aiki da karfi da kuma bayar da umurni da aikin na goma sha shida mazauna a dama jihohin yammaci. An kama shi tare da matarsa da kuma kotun yanke shawara yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Ga m dalilai da hukunci da aka ba ba a kisa, da kuma biyu da aka sake a 'yanci, amma yana da wuya su yi tunanin cewa sun jimre.

Materials buga Orlov

Rayuwa a Amurka a karkashin sunan Igor Konstantinovich Berg, Orlov aka buga a mujallar "Rayuwa" jerin articles, wanda aka riga aka ambata a sama. A cikinsu, ya bayyana a cikin daki-daki, da laifuka na kwaminisanci tsarin mulki, mai shaida, kuma mai accomplice tilasta wanda shi ne a cikin tsawon sabis a cikin NKVD. A babban wuri a wannan ɗaba'ar aka ba da kuma rawar da Stalin a cikin laifofi, kasanta a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

Daga baya wadannan kayan da aka hada a wani littafi da aka buga a New York a 1953 da kuma juya shi zuwa harsuna da yawa. Žunsa an yi amfani da mutane da yawa masu bincike kafin ta buga a Rasha a shekarar 1991. A farkon sittin, da aka buga wani littafi Orlov, tsara don quite wani da'irar masu karatu - a cikin abin da ya raba ya kwarewa na yaƙin yaki da counter-m sabis kungiyoyi.

mubaya'a gayyatar

Duk da yake a Amirka, Orlov da dalilin tsoron ramuwa na Moscow hukumomi zuwa mafi girma har fiye da sauran Soviet majalisar, domin ya na sane da yawa daga cikin asiran da suka yi asirce da sabis. Rayuwa for shekaru a karkashin wani zaci sunan, kuma a hankali kuna ɓõyẽwa da adireshin, tsohon ɗan leƙen asiri zauna m ga NKVD kuma daga baya da KGB.

Kawai a cikin tsakiyar sittin, da Soviet wakili Mikhail Feaktistovu iya tabbatar da whereabouts. Duk da haka, sau canja, da kuma bayanai samuwa to Orlov, ya rasa ta munasaba, don haka ransa riga ba musamman barazana. Sa'an nan Feaktistov Orlov ziyarci da biyu da kuma mika Soviet gwamnatin ta gayyatar komawa gida. Suna yanci, Alexander Ivanovich ne ma a samu zuwa soja daraja da dukan albarkatun shi lambobin yabo.

Orlov ƙiya. Sun rigaya sun karkashin saba'in, sake-farkon rayuwa a kasar daga abin da suka zama nisantar a tsawon shekaru, da tsofaffi ba su so su. Alexander kawai tambayi ba da shugabannin kungiyar na yanzu na kasar cewa, duk da yawa interrogations, da FBI bai samu shi duk wani bayani game da jamiái 'cibiyar sadarwa, ya halitta tare da sa hannu. Orlov ce cewa kawai ba zai iya ci amanar wadanda suka amince da shi jabu, kuma suka bauta wa wannan ra'ayin, to abin da ya sau ganin darajarsa.

Bayan mutuwarsa a kan Maris 25, 1977, in babu magada, da tarayya yi hukunci da aka yi umurni da a rufe, kuma zuwa Amsoshi dukan takardun marigayin, ciki har da rubutun na memoirs. Su aka ajiye har sai 1999, da kuma kawai bayan da za a iya sanya jama'a.