Wanne barbashi gano by Rutherford? Previous kwarewa da kuma kewaye Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - wani m masanin kimiyya ne da ya sanya wasu da gaske mai binciken a cikin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Abin da wani rabo ya juya kimiyyar lissafi a kan wani sabon hanyar ci gaba? Wanne barbashi gano by Rutherford? Details na biography da kuma kimiyya aiki na masu bincike samu daga baya a cikin wannan labarin.

A farkon rayuwar ta tafiya

Rutherford biography fara da karamin gari na Spring Grove a New Zealand. Akwai a 1871 a wani iyalin baƙi da haifuwa daga likita da masanin kimiyya. Mahaifinsa, a Scot da haihuwa, ya kasance a master na itace, da na da nasa kamfanin. Rutherford tsiwirwirinsu daga shi da amfani ga m aikin gine-gine basira.

A farko nasarorin riga faruwa a makaranta, inda ga m horo da ya samu a malanta kwaleji. Ernest Rutherford farko sa suna a koleji, Nelson, sa'an nan ya tafi Canterbury. Mallakan wani m ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma m ilmi, shi ne markedly daban-daban daga wasu dalibai.

Rutherford ya karbi lambar yabo a ilmin lissafi, ya rubuta na farko kimiyya takarda a kan kimiyyar lissafi na "magnetised baƙin ƙarfe a darajõji maɗaukaka." A dangane da aikin, ya ƙirƙira daya daga cikin na farko na'urorin don ganowa Magnetic tãguwar ruwa.

A 1895, likita, sunadarai, Rutherford ya yi musu da Maclaurin for mallaki sukolashif mai suna bayan World Nunin. By daidaituwa, da abokin gaba ki yarda da lambar yabo, da kuma Rutherford bayar mai kyau damar lashe duniyar kimiyya. Ya tafi zuwa Ingila a Kavendishevskuyu Lab da kuma samun wani PhD a karkashin shugabanci na Dzhozefa Tomsona.

Kimiyya ayyukansu da kuma nasarorin

Isa a Ingila, dalibi kawai bace ba sukolashif. Ya fara aikatãwa wani malami. Kimiyya darektan Rutherford da zarar ya ce babban m, kuma babu kuskure. Thomson kimiyyar lissafi nazari da shawarar da matasa gas ionization ta X-haskoki. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a lokacin da wannan ya auku na yanzu jikewa sabon abu.

Bayan nasarar aiki tare da Thomson, ya delves a cikin binciken na Becquerel haskoki, wanda daga baya Marie Curie kira rediyoaktif. A wannan lokaci ya yi da ya fara muhimmanci samu saukar da wanzuwar baya ba a sani ba gaɓũɓuwa, karatu da kaddarorin uranium da kuma thorium.

Daga baya ya zama farfesa a jami'ar Montreal. Tare da Frederikom Soddi wani masanin kimiyya yana sanya a gaba da ra'ayin hanyar mayar da abubuwa a cikin tsari na lalace. A lokaci guda, Rutherford rubuta kimiyya takardunku "Radioactivity" da "rediyoaktif rikirkida" cewa kawo shi daraja. Ya zama memba na Royal Society, ya aka bayar a title of nobility.

A lokacin binciken da lalata na rediyoaktif abubuwa a 1908, Ernest Rutherford aka bayar da kyautar Nobel. Kimiyya bude emanation thorium jabu kashi transmutation da irradiating nitrogen nuclei rubuta uku kundin ayyukansu. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci nasarori ne da halittar wani model na atomic tsakiya.

Wanne barbashi gano by Rutherford?

A cikin nazarin radioactivity, Rutherford ya ba na farko. Kafin shi, wannan yankin yana rayayye ƙware likita Becquerel da Curies. Sa'an nan sabon abu na radioactivity aka gano kwanan nan kawai, da kuma samar da makamashi da aka dauke da wani waje Madogararsa. Hankali nazarin uranium salts, da dũkiyõyinsu, Rutherford ya lura da cewa haskoki gano by Becquerel ne iri-irin.

Rutherford tsare gwaji ya nuna cewa rediyoaktif ray ne zuwa kashi da dama barbashi gudana. Daya rafi ne iya sha da aluminum tsare, wani na iya ratsa shi. Kowace daga cikinsu - a jam'i na kananan abubuwa da ake kira malamin alpha da beta barbashi ko haskoki. Bayan shekaru biyu, da Bafaranshe Villard gano wani uku irin haskoki cewa wadannan misalin Rutherford ya kira gamma haskoki.

Abin da barbashi gano by Rutherford, yana da wani babban tasiri a kan ci gaban nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. Yana nasara da kuma tabbatar da cewa makamashi zo daga sosai uranium kwayoyin halitta da aka yi. Alpha barbashi an ayyana a matsayin gaskiya ma cajin helium kwayoyin halitta, beta barbashi ne electrons. Bude daga baya gamma barbashi - shi ne electromagnetic radiation.

rediyoaktif lalata

Rutherford ya samu ya tashi ba kawai ga jiki kimiyya, amma kuma domin kansa. Ya ci gaba da karatu da radioactivity na Jami'ar Montreal a Canada. A sunadarai Soddy suka yi jerin gwaje-gwajen ta wajen wanda lura cewa zarra canje-canje a lokacin da watsi da ta barbashi.

Kamar na da alchemists, masana kimiyya maida da uranium a cikin gubar, yin gaba nasara. Haka, an gano da rediyoaktif lalace. Dokar bisa ga abin da akwai lalace, Rezerfor da Soddy aka bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen da "rediyoaktif rikirkida" da "A kamanta nazarin radioactivity na radium da thorium."

Masu bincike ƙayyade da dogaro da lalata kudi na yawan rediyoaktif kwayoyin halitta a cikin samfurin, kazalika da elapsed lokaci. An lura da cewa a lokacin da lalata aiki rage-rage dabam dabam. Domin kowane abu, lokacin bukata. Bisa ga kudi na lalata Rutherford ya iya kirkiro da manufa na rabin-rai.

A planetary model na zarra

A farkon karni XX shi ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da yawa don nazarin yanayin kwayoyin zarra da radioactivity. Rutherford da Villars bude alpha, beta da gamma haskoki, kuma Dzhozef Tomson, bi da bi, ya buɗe sama da wani electron. Yana ƙaddara rabo na cajin taro na electron, da kuma tabbatar da cewa barbashi ne wani ɓangare zarra.

A kan tushen da ta bude Thomson Halicci model na zarra. The masanin kimiyyar ya yi imanin cewa karshen yana da wani mai siffar zobe siffar, dukan surface na kowa gaskiya ma caje barbashi. Ciki da ball da aka barnatar da cajin electrons.

A 'yan shekarun baya, Rutherford rushe ka'idar malaminsa. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa zarra na da tsakiya, wanda aka gaskiya ma da caji. Kuma a kusa da shi kamar taurari a kusa da rana, electrons akwai doguwar karkashin mataki na Coulomb sojojin.

Tuki kwarewa Rutherford

Rutherford ya da wani bajimi experimenter. Saboda haka, tambayar da Thomson model, da ya yanke shawarar ƙi yarda da shi empirically. Thomson zarra kamata yi kama da wani mai siffar zobe girgijen electrons. Sa'an nan alpha barbashi kamata wuce da yardar kaina ta hanyar da tsare.

Ga gwaji, Rutherford gina wani na'urar mai gubar akwatin da karamin rami a cikinsa, akwai wani rediyoaktif abu. Box garwaya da alpha barbashi a duk inda, fãce inda rami ne. Kamar wancan halitta directional barbashi kwarara. Gaba kasance da dama gubar fuska da takware raraka fitar da barbashi cewa karkacewa daga qaddara hanya.

A bayyane yake mayar da hankali alpha ray da ya wuce ta hanyar duk da cikas, je zuwa wani bakin ciki sosai takardar na zinariya tsare. A baya ta kasance mai phosphor allo. Kowace lamba daga cikin barbashi da kuma rubuta shi ne a cikin nau'i na flash. Don haka shi ne zai yiwu ya yi hukunci da sabawa daga cikin barbashi bayan wucewa ta cikin tsare.

Abin mamaki sosai Rutherford, da yawa barbashi an deflected a manyan kusassari, wasu ma 180 digiri. Wannan ya sa masana kimiyya ya ɗauka cewa da farko atomic nauyin m al'amarin, a cikinta, ana baya kira da kwaya.

Tuki kwarewa na Rutherford:

model zargi

Rutherford ta nukiliya model farko soki, saboda hannun riga da dokokin gargajiya electrodynamics. Kadi, electrons dole ajiye makamashi da kuma emit electromagnetic taguwar ruwa, amma wannan ba ya faruwa, ya kuma inganta su ne a sauran. A wannan yanayin, da electrons dole ne fada a kan zuciyar, kuma ba akwai doguwar kewaye da shi.

Don fahimtar wannan sabon abu fadi zuwa Niels Bohr. Ya furta cewa, kowane electron na da falaki. Duk da yake cikin electron a kan shi, shi ba ya haskaka makamashi, amma ya kara. Kimiyya gabatar da ra'ayi na kamfani mai suna Quanta - rabo na makamashi da aka saki a lokacin da electrons aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga wasu falaki.

Saboda haka, Niels Bohr ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa wani sabon reshe na kimiyya - jimla kimiyyar lissafi. A daidaitar Rutherford ya model aka tabbatar. A sakamakon haka, manufar al'amarin, kuma ta motsi ya canza gaba daya. A model ne, wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin boron zarra-Rutherford.

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da masanin kimiyyar

Nobel Prize Ernest Rutherford aka kafin sanya mafi muhimmanci nasara ransa - gano atomic tsakiya da kuma kafa planetary model na zarra.

Rutherford ƙwarai samu ya kai ga zargin wani sabon reshe cewa karatu da tsarin da atomic tsakiya. Yana da aka kira da makaman nukiliya ko nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi.

A likita hauka ba kawai bincike, amma kuma koyar da basira. Goma sha biyu dalibai sun yi nasara a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai Nobel Prize. Daga gare su, Frederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, da kuma sauran sanannun mutane.

Academic sau da yawa dangana ga gano nitrogen da cewa shi ne erroneous. Bayan duk, wannan sanannen Rutherford quite daban-daban. Gas bude wani botanist kuma sunadarai Daniel Rutherford, wanda ya rayu a karni kafin mashawarta likita.

ƙarshe

Birtaniya masanin kimiyya Ernest Rutherford ya zama shahararren tsakanin takwarorinsa propensity ga experimentation. A kan wani rayuwa, masanin kimiyya ya ciyar da kwarewa sosai, ta hanyar da ya ya iya bude alpha da beta gaɓũɓuwa, domin su kirkiro dokar lalata da kuma rabin rayuwata, ci gaba a duniyar model na zarra. Kafin shi, shi da aka yi imani da cewa lantarkin ne waje. Amma bayan da kimiyya duniya koya abin da barbashi gano by Rutherford, lissafin kimiyya suka sāke tunaninsu. Nasarori masanin kimiyya taimake yi hu ~~ asa, wajen ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai, kazalika da bayar da gudunmawar zuwa fitowan da irin masana'antu a matsayin nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi.