Kari a cikin ilmin halitta - wani kari factor ...

Kari a cikin ilmin halitta - shi ne mai matukar ban sha'awa sabon abu. Yau masana kimiyya da dama tsunduma a gudanar da bincike na wannan sabon abu. Kari a cikin ilmin halitta - ne a duniya aiwatar abin da ya shafi duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A wannan za ka ga da karanta wannan labarin.

A qa'ida ta hadin kai da kwayoyin da kuma yanayi ne daya daga cikin ka'idojin kimiyyar zamani. Duk masu rai, kazalika da supraorganismal tsarin, lissafin kudi don haɗin kai da yanayi da suke rayuwa a, da kari duk da matakai. M ayyuka na su shi ne batun lokaci-lokaci rhythms cewa daidai da martani rhythms dayan duniya a matsayin dukan (ciki har da Geophysical, astronomical), kazalika da yanayi.

PY Sokolov, Rasha sociologist, Notes cewa duk dabba da shuka rayuwa, kuma da shi, da kuma mutane kullum da kuma madawwama fuskantar sakamakon wannan duniyar ta zahiri, kuma ya gana da rhythmic pulsing halayen ga duka zuciya na duniya.

Menene biorhythms?

Bari mu bincika manufar amfani a gare mu. Halittu rhythms ne lokaci-lokaci maimaita canje-canje a cikin hali da kuma tsanani da nazarin halittu mamaki da kuma matakai. Wadannan tsari tafiyar matakai da fadi da kewayon mitoci. Aka sãme su a kan kowane daga cikin matakan da kungiyar na rayuwa tsarin. A biosystem wuya, don haka shi ne mafi yawan biorhythms. Su suna gyarawa a kayyade matakin. Kari a cikin ilmin halitta - wani sabon abu wanda yake da muhimmanci sosai ga karbuwa da kuma zabin yanayi na kwayoyin.

Its zama ne saboda aiki tare da biochemical tafiyar matakai. Tun da rai kwayoyin ne a matsayi tsarin, tana bukatar da za a adalci tare da aiki na da daban-daban subsystems da lokaci matakan ba kawai a lokaci amma kuma a da nazarin halittu sarari.

A wannan labarin, za ka koyi a daki-daki, abin da mai launi a cikin ilmin halitta. Bayyananen, Properties, kuma misalai aka tattauna a kasa.

Chronobiology: fitowan da kuma ci gaban

Kimiyya da karatu da nazarin halittu rhythms, aka kira chronobiology. Abin da aka sani tun zamanin da cewa petals da kuma ganyen shuke-shuke, dangane da lokaci na rana zuwa yin wasu ƙungiyoyi. Karl Linney baya a 1745 ƙirƙira "flower Agogon" (hoton da ke ƙasa) domin sanin lokacin da za a zama sako-sako da kuma rufe na furanni.

A farkon rabin karni na 19th, da farko binciken circadian rhythms a cikin mutane da aka gudanar, kamar yanayin jiki, mita da urination da kuma zuciya rate. Kamar yadda a Physiology litattafan wannan zamani da ake samu alamomi na kasancewar rhythmic ayyuka da cewa su ne na ciki, watau da suka faru a cikin jiki. A shekarar 1936, an kafa karshe na ciki circadian rhythms na shuke-shuke, da furanni. A saboda wannan dalili wani waje da tasiri a kan su aka cire.

Sauran turakun a cikin ci gaban kimiyya na chronobiology - da bude daga cikin fuskantarwa tsuntsaye da ƙudan zuma a cikin jirgin da rana, tabbatarwa da wanzuwar na jikin mutum daga na ciki circadian rhythms. Wani sabon impetus da aka bai wa wannan kimiyya a sakamakon sarari bincike. Kamar yadda kafin, da babban amfani da masana kimiyya a cikin nazarin halittu rhythms ne nazari na shekara-shekara, Lunar da diurnal rhythms.

Rhythms da physiological Na'urar

Ware wadannan su rarrabuwa cikin sharuddan da hulda tsakanin yanayi da kwayoyin.

1. Rhythms Na'urar (biorhythm) - wannan oscillation lokaci da suke kusa da m Geophysical hawan keke. Rawar da suka taka shi ne ya daidaita da da daban-daban kwayoyin muhalli canje-canje da suka faru a lokaci zuwa lokaci. Su mita ne barga.
2. Physiological rhythms (aiki) - vibrations cewa gani na ayyuka na physiological tsarin na wani musamman kwayoyin. su mita dabam ƙwarai da kuma dogara a kan yanayin da kwayoyin.

Rhythms na exogenous da kuma na ciki

A rhythms yanayi bayyanar kasu kashi exogenous da kuma na ciki. Exogenous - dauki da kwayoyin zuwa muhalli canje-canje. Na ciki bayyana a sakamakon kai-gudãnar matakai halin da jinkiri feedback. Su ne batun a lokaci guda muhalli effects cewa zai iya shafar su mawadãta, kuma lokaci motsa biorhythms.

Rhythms da matakan da kungiyar na biosystem da kuma mita

Rhythms ma raba da matakin na kungiyar na wani musamman biosystem. Sun kasu kashi da Muciya, yawan, kwayoyin, sashin jiki da kuma cell.

A cewar su mita su ne:

• high mita rhythms (daga wani ƙunshi juzu'i na biyu a minti 30).
• matsakaici (daga minti 30 zuwa 28 hours).
• mezoritmami (daga 28 hours zuwa 7 days).
• makroritmami (daga kwanaki 20 zuwa shekara guda).
• megaritmami (periodicity - shekaru goma).

Nature biorhythms

A zaune kwayoyin, bisa ga ya fi na kowa bane shi ne m oscillatory tsarin, halin da wani sa na rhythms ƙ alaka. Inji metabolism (metabolism da kuma catabolism) a cikin Kwayoyin ci gaba da faruwa. Wannan gidaje na daban-daban biochemical halayen - kira da tsakiyan nonon jamiái. A Kwayoyin a matsayin sakamako, daidai da rayuwa hawan keke ci gaba da canje-canje faruwa yawa daga daban-daban abubuwa (na rayuwa kayayyakin, enzymes da kuma matrix canja wurin RNA, da dai sauransu) Halartar a biochemical halayen. Sigogi Biosystems ciki yanayi sakamakon halayen sa da ci gaba da oscillation, departing daga nufin dabi'u.

A rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, da na'urori masu auna sigina cewa sanin da yanayi da kuma kudi na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, ne hormones da allosteric modulators goyon bayan rhythmicity a ilmin halitta. Wannan suka ci gaba da saka idanu da yanayin jiki. Kuma shi o ƙarin tabbatar da kula da haƙuri (homeostasis) ciki yanayi -. PH, zazzabi, osmotic matsa lamba, taro na abubuwa da dai sauransu da yawa sunadaran suna da hannu a cikin kiyaye homeostasis. An gina yafi a kan manufa da feedback. Alal misali, wani wuce haddi na glucose a cikin jini yana farawa adanar inji wannan abu (a cikin nau'i na glycogen). A akasin wannan, da rashin shi take kaiwa zuwa ƙãra glycogen fashewa.

A ƙarshe na wannan za a iya yi gaba. A rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, ba tsari ne m. Yana dole ne dole a madadin oppositely directed tare da: .. A aikin sauran, numfashin zuwa numfashi, kira tsagawa farkawa barci yanayin, da dai sauransu daga cikin kwayoyin halittar, ta haka ne, ba zai iya zama a tsaye. An halin a wani ajali kamar launi. Kayyade ko wannan dukiya da wani rai kwayoyin za a iya samar ma ta sauki kallo. Za ka iya lura cewa wasu (a zahiri duk) na samar da makamashi da kuma physiological sigogi ne ko da yaushe a cikin wani wuri zuwa yi hawa da sauka a duka amplitude da mita dangi zuwa ga talakawan dabi'u.

Irin wannan hawa da sauka, kuma suna da biorhythms. Da taimakon wadannan kwayoyin samar da thermodynamic kwanciyar hankali a jihar. Don nasarar daidaita da wa muhalli, shi ne kari na cyclical canje-canje. A definition wannan sabon abu, muka kawo sunayensu a baya a wannan labarin.

A ciki Agogon

External saita lokaci ne da ba dole ba don aiki tare da tsarin da wani babban mataki na Tasrifu na duk da subsystems. A ci gaba da jiki ta m shirin ordering ayyuka a kan lokaci shi ne modified, kyale shi daidaita da wa boko profile na muhalli. Wannan kwayoyin ne iya "hasashen" da lokaci na rana. Wannan damar da shi da za a haɗa a gaba daban-daban effectors, wanda suke kunshe a wani martani nan da nan. Alal misali, yanayin jiki, da kuma abun ciki na corticosteroids a jini a al'ada barci fara tun kafin ta ƙulli da tashi. Saboda haka, sau da yawa tada auku a gaban haske ya jũya a kan.

Ga wasu misalai na kari. Sani kawai, waɗanda kwayoyin tsira a kan aiwatar da zabin yanayi, wanda yana da ikon ba kawai don kama a cikin daji iri-iri na canje-canje, amma kuma daidaita kidan na waje vibrations ta launi na'ura. Alal misali, dabbobi m rhythms na wakefulness kuma barci, sai ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da sharadi gwargwado domin samar da abinci. A yanayi, da haihuwa tsarin (da lokaci na haihuwa da kuma rasa haihuwa) kuma saba da muhalli da yanayi da cewa su ne mafi kyau duka don girma zuriyarsa. Mutane da yawa tsuntsaye tashi kudu a cikin fall. Wannan shi ne daya misali na yadda za a bayyana launi. Biology sani da yawa wasu misalai. Saboda haka, hibernate wasu dabbobi. Yana taimaka musu su tsira, duk da cewa da waje muhalli da yanayi ne matsananci.

kullum biorhythms

Circadian rhythmicity a ilmin halitta - abin da yake da shi? Bari mu fuskanci shi. By kullum (circadian) biorhythms hada da irin mamaki da kuma canza yanayi da kuma tsanani da nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai, wadda maimaitawa mita ne 24 ± 4 hours. Mafi yawa daga cikin physiological da biochemical matakai na metabolism, motsi, ci gaba, ci gaban, shi ne batun wadannan rhythms, wanda ake sa ta circadian (yau da kullum) da kari daga cikin external yanayi. Ya, bi da bi, an haɗa da juyawa game da axis na duniya. Misalan irin wannan tafiyar matakai ne: rayuwa kudi, da hawa da sauka a cikin jiki zafin jiki, da mita daga cell division. Domin dukkan su halin da kullum kari.

Biology - da kimiyya da karatu ba ne kawai dabbobi amma kuma shuke-shuke. A karshen, musamman, gani da dare ya fita da rhythmic hawan keke da ragewan da kuma rufe na furanni. A lokacin da rana suna bayyana. Rhythms ana kiyaye shi har lokacin da babu wani hasken rana. Wannan ya tabbatar da ya gwajen SE Shnol, Rasha biophysicist. Ya kawo sunayensu a matsayin wani misali da magajin gari na wake. Its ganye ya tashi da kuma fadi a sãfe da maraice, ko da idan shuka ne a wani duhu dakin. Yana ji kamar lokacin da ciki physiological Agogon domin ayyana shi.

Shuke-shuke yawanci ayyana tsawon lokacin rana a kan mulki daga siffar zuwa wani lokacin da canza pigment phytochrome hasken rana halaye (ta na abun da ke ciki). Alal misali, da rãnã a faɗuwar rana ne ja saboda ja haske yana da mafi tsawo zango da kuma karami fiye da blue, warwatse. Da magariba, ko faduwar rana da haske mai yawa ja da infrared radiation. Wannan gane da shuka, da nuna kullum kari.

Biology - da kimiyya, wanda ya kwanan wata ya sami mai yawa kwarewa lura da dabbobi daban daban. An samu musamman cewa interleaving lokaci na sauran da kuma ayyuka na dabbobi (dare da rana) kuma da dangantaka da circadian rhythms. Domin su ne wani muhimmin dalilin da lokacin shi ne ba da cikakken amma zumunta. Suna bukatar su sani sa'ad da rana za ta tashi kuma zauna a matsayin rana halittun foraging domin yin amfani da hasken rana da kuma dare - duhu.

Ga wani misali - dubi kullum kari na zaune a kan Atlantic Coast m crabs. Ya canza launi, da nuna kullum kari. Biology - a kimiyya da cewa, kamar sauran mutane, don gane alamu. Ga abin da kaguwa ta sauya launi? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

Kaguwa safe, mafi haske, amma a lokacin da rana ta fito sama a sararin sama, shi ya zama duhu. Wasa mai m rawa, pigment kare atawa kaguwa daga iskar zafi rana. Idan wannan shi ne low komowar ruwa, sa'an nan ta taimaka wajen zama duhu launi a kan gabar teku yashi kada a gane shi. Kuma shi ne akwai a search na abinci aika zuwa ga kaguwa.

Daily rhythms a cikin mutane

Around 300 na physiological ayyuka da cewa suna da circadian rhythms lura a cikin jikin mutum. Jiki nauyi, dangane da mutum circadian tsarin ne iyaka a 18-19 hours, numfashi rate - 13-16 hours, zuciya rate - 15-16 hours, da jini matakin na erythrocytes - 11-12 hours leukocytes - 21 -23 sa'o'i da t. d.

Shafi tunanin mutum da tafiyar matakai an kara da ragae saukar da yamma da safiya. Don da rhythms da shafi tunanin mutum da kuma physiological ayyuka, bi da bi, shafi wakefulness kuma barci canjawa, sauran kuma aiki. Dogara a kan al'amurra da dama a lokacin wakefulness dace kwana sigogi: matakin dalili, abinci ci, janar halin da ake ciki, kamar hali, da dai sauransu ...

Kalmar "desynchronosis" nuna a fakaice rushewa a wani nazarin halittu tsarin lokaci umurnin rhythms. A binciken da na ta sunadaran ne na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin kungiyar na aikin da kuma sauran ma'aikatan, a dauke da fitar daban-daban m matakan da nufin kare lafiya. Desinhroz musamman lura a mutane da suka yi dogon nesa flights (a cikin 4-5 lokacin da zones), ta hanyar canza yanayin na aiki daga yini a cikin dare, da kuma 'yan saman jannati a cikin hukumar sarari jirgin.

Lunar biorhythms

Tsirkalunarnye (Lunar) biorhythms - rhythms wanda lokaci ne da matsakaita na 29,53 kwanaki. Wadannan rhythms a ilmin halitta dace da Lunar-wata sake zagayowar, watau sake zagayowar na watã bulan.

Mutane da yawa Geophysical matakai shafi mita na juyawa daga cikin watã a kewayen duniya. Alal misali, canza haske da dare, zazzabi, iska matsa lamba, da Magnetic filin na Duniya, da iska shugabanci. Dukan waɗannan mamaki ga tsirkalunarnyh rhythms ne wucin gadi pointers.

A marine kwayoyin da ake samu mafi m misalai na yadda wadannan rhythms shafar rayuwa tafiyar matakai. Alal misali, marine tsutsotsi Palolo zaune a kan murjani reefs, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba, karshe kwanaki goma na Lunar sake zagayowar, kuma a lokaci guda a wani lokaci na rana, da ruwa raba cikin ta baya, wanda aka cika da kayayyakin da haihuwa tsarin. Wajibi ne ga procreation.

Lunar hawan keke da haihuwa insemination lokaci na iya zama ba kawai synodic (kamar yadda a baya misali). Akwai ma sigisic a wani lokaci na 14.7 kwanaki. Alal misali, daya irin kifi samu a bakin gabar tekun California, cikakken watã kuma sabon wata (a high tide) kayansa mãsu qwai a kan rairayin bakin teku. Yana tasowa a cikin kwanaki 14 a kan rairayin bakin teku da kuma a cikin ruwa da dama tare da na gaba komowar ruwa.

Moonlight, kamar yadda muka ambata, yana sa da bambance-bambance na haske da dare. Wannan na tabbatar da cewa na ayyuka na dabbobi, wanda kai maraice, ko da dare salon canje-canje. Ko da mun ware da sakamako na Moonlight a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da mita tsirkalunarnyh matakai da aka kiyaye. Yana iya zama saboda wasu dalilai da suka shafi Lunar sake zagayowar. Alal misali, shi ne hawa da sauka a cikin Magnetic filin na wannan duniya tamu.

Lunar sake zagayowar kuma rinjayar da girma da shuke-shuke. Wannan za a iya nuna ta da misali na radish amfanin ƙasa da hawa da sauka, dankali da kuma legumes. Na dogon lokaci, Lunar kalandarku amfani da su taimaka ƙayyade da mafi kyau duka lokaci zuwa ayyukan noma da kuma dasa.

shekara-shekara biorhythms

Circannual (shekara-shekara) biorhythms a ilmin halitta da oscillation lokaci ne 1 shekara ± 2 months. Su suna hade da juyawa daga cikin Sun kewaye wannan duniya tamu.

Wadannan rhythms an lura a duk kwayoyin, daga yammacin sahara da iyakacin duniya zone. Tsanani daga gare su, ya gina up matsayin latitud ƙaruwa. Kari analysis yarda da masu bincike a kammala da cewa kwayoyin inhabiting da iyakacin duniya da kuma temperate zone, a cikin abin da mafi m yanayi bambance-bambance, shi ne a fili bayyananne. Shekara-shekara akai biorhythms dauki kashi, da farko, Na'urar halayen da ke faruwa a mayar da martani ga wani canji a cikin mafi muhimmanci muhalli sigogi (ruwa yanayin, gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari abun da ke ciki na abinci, zazzabi).

Abu na biyu, shi ne jiki ta mayar da martani ga alama yanayi dalilai (msl, canje-canje a cikin geomagnetic filin tsanani, photoperiod, da ya faru na wasu sinadaran aka gyara). Faruwa kowace shekara biorhythm misali a nomading mamaki na hijirarsa, rani da kuma hunturu dormancy, haihuwa matakai, da sauransu. D.

Mutane da yawa dabba rashin himma taimaka wajen tsira da ya fi karfinsu lokaci. Abin mamaki daidai ƙayyade da dabbobi lokacin ta. Bear, misali, a lair ko da yaushe shige a kan Hauwa'u na da wani snowfall. Kuma ya barci bayan da cewa har Afrilu, har da zazzabi shi ne 12 ° C (ie, 5.5 watanni). A wannan lokaci, shi wanzu a kudi na mai tara a cikin fall. Its stock ne kusan na uku na dabba ta jiki nauyi. kai jiki zafin jiki a lokacin barci ne rage by game da 10 ° C, 3-ninka rage ta mita na numfasawa. Wannan taimaka wajen ajiye muhimman albarkatu tara a cikin dumi kakar. Wannan shi ne wani buɗi na jiki kari na bear. Idan ka karya da kari, da dabba ba kwanta a cikin kogo saboda wasu dalilai ko ba zato ba tsammani farka a tsakiyar hunturu, shi ne kusan wanzuwa. The a haɗa sanda zai zama ma da karfi domin da yawa parasites, wanda aka raunanar da jiki, da shan wahala daga yunwa, suna ya shahara.

Saboda haka da yawa misalai na kari da aka gabatar a wannan labarin. Sun tabbatar da cewa shi ne a duniya sabon abu a cikin dabba duniya. Biorhythms, haka ma, suna da kayyade factor a cikin wanzuwar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Ka'idar kari ne a same su a duk matakan da kungiyar nazarin halittu tsarin. Yana da hidima ga daidaita da da jiki ga mafi aiki a cikin yanayi.

factor

Saboda haka, mun yi nazari da kari a ilmin halitta, abin da yake da shi, yanzu ka san. Duk da haka, muna da sha'awar a cikin ra'ayi da aka samu ba kawai a cikin wannan kimiyya. A musamman, tattalin arziki sun kammala da cewa shi ne lura a cikin masana'antu kansu. Samun sanya wannan samu, su gabatar da manufar "kari factor." Ya ko da yaushe ya yi aiki ga hadin kai. Yawanci, da launi factor aka ƙaddara da rana, har kwana goma, wata daya, da dai sauransu Tare da shi za a iya bayyana, musamman, da mataki na yin amfani da a samar da aiki lokaci. A mafi girma da kudi na kari, da samar da sake zagayowar ne denser da tattalin arziki da albarkatun (yafi aiki lokaci) da aka kashe tunanin mutuntaka.