A farko ƙasar shuke-shuke sun ... na farko shuke-shuke a cikin ƙasa,

Mu, Sahaban, kadan da aka sani game da farko wakilan da shuka duniya. Abin baƙin ciki, su burbushin samu kadan. Amma masana kimiyya, ta amfani da burbushin ragowar bar ta zamanin da shuke-shuke, duk da haka kõma su bayyanar, kazalika sake nazari fasali na tsarin shuke-shuke, ya zama na farko mazaunan ƙasar.

Kimiyya da karatu fasali na tsari da kuma aiki na m shuke-shuke da aka kira "paleobotanist." Yana paleobotanists tsunduma a cikin search for amsoshin tambayoyi game da asalin na shuka duniya.

Nau'in spore shuke-shuke

A farko shuke-shuke, a duniya ta tara da spores. Daga cikin zamani Flora ne ma a spore shuke-shuke. Bisa ga rarrabuwa, suna hade a cikin daya kungiyar - da "mafi girma spore shuke-shuke." Sun gabatar Rhyniophyta, Zosterofilofitami, Trimsrofitami, Psilotofitami, bryophytes (Bryophytes) Likopodiofitami (lycopsids) Ekvizetofitami (horsetail) da kuma Polipodiofitami (ferns). Daga cikin wadannan na farko uku sassan su ne gaba daya dadaddun, da sauransu sun hada da dadaddun, da kuma yanzu da data kasance kungiyoyin.

Rhyniophyta - na farko ƙasar shuke-shuke

A farko ƙasar shuke-shuke sun wakilan da Flora, ƙware da Duniya game da 450 miliyan. Shekaru da suka wuce. Su yi girma kusa da daban-daban jikin ruwa ko a cikin filin daga m ruwa, wanda aka halin da lokaci-lokaci reheating da bushewa har.

All shuke-shuke sun ƙware cikin ƙasar, akwai wani na kowa alama. Wannan rabo daga cikin jiki zuwa cikin sassa biyu - sama-kasa da kuma karkashin kasa. Wannan tsarin ya halayyar Rhyniophyta.

Ragowar tsoho shuke-shuke da aka fara gano a cikin biyu da rabi na XIX karni a kan ƙasa na zamani Canada. Amma ga unknown dalilai, gudanar da wannan binciken ne ba su da sha'awar kwararru-botanists. Kuma a cikin 1912, a kusa da Scottish kauyen Rayni gida kauyen likita samu dama burbushin shuke-shuke. Ya bai san abin da yake riƙe da saura na farko mazaunan ƙasar, amma, kasancewa sosai m, na yanke shawarar yana duba mai ban sha'awa samu. Bayan yin yanke, ya samu lafiya-tsare ragowar shuke-shuke. Da kara ya bakin ciki sosai, ƙeƙasasshiya, sa'an nan a cikinta aka a haɗe oblong matakai (kamar, elongated beads) tare da sosai m ganuwar. Bayani game da samu da sauri kai paleobotanists cewa kuma gano cewa, ragowar samu su ne na farko ƙasar shuke-shuke. Akwai shakku game da sunan wadannan tsoho saura. Amma a karshen mun yanke shawarar in je a kan su tafi kawai da sun mai suna da dadaddun shuke-shuke Rhyniophyta a kan sunan na kauye, kusa da su same su.

tsarin fasali

External tsarin Rhyniophyta sosai m. A jikin forked dichotomous type, cewa shi ne, shiga kashi biyu. Ganye da kuma tushen da ba, ba su yi. Attaching a kasa za'ayi amfani rhizoids. Game da ciki tsari, shi ne, a maimakon haka, ya quite wuya, musamman a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da algae. Saboda haka, da sutura masana'anta ya stomatal na'ura, ta hanyar abin da tafiyar matakai na gas musayar kuma ruwa evaporation. Saboda rashin inji nama, na farko shuke-shuke a duniya sun gwada da kananan tsawo (50 cm) da kuma diamita na kara (game da 0.5 cm).

Paleobotanists yi imani da cewa dukkan zamani ƙasar shuke-shuke sun samo asali daga Rhyniophyta.

Psilophytes - na farko ƙasar shuke-shuke. Shin wannan gaskiya ne?

Ã'a ba fiye da a. Sunan "psilophytes" gaske siffa ko da a shekarar 1859. Shi ne da American palaeobotanist Dawson mai suna a matsayin daya daga cikin sami shuke-shuke. Ya zaɓi wannan zaži, kamar yadda a cikin fassarar da kalmar na nufin "tsirara shuka." Har farkon XX karni psilophytes kira da HALITTAR na zamanin d shuke-shuke. Amma sakamakon wannan irin follow-up audits ya daina wanzuwa, da kuma yin amfani da wannan sunan ya zama ineligible. A wannan lokaci mafi bayyana cikakke HALITTAR Reania ba sunan ga dukan sashen mafi tsufa na nazarin sasannin Flora. Sanadiyar haka ne, na farko ƙasar shuke-shuke sun Rhyniophyta.

Hankula wakilan da farko ƙasar shuke-shuke

Mai yiwuwa, na farko ƙasar shuke-shuke sun Cookson da Reania.

Daya daga cikin mafi tsoho wakilan Flora ya Cookson, wanda ya bayyanar da kananan daji tsawo ba wucewa 7 cm. Daga wani kunna yanayi domin ci gaban kuwa ita marshy Shefela. Burbushin Cookson da ta shafi jinsunan samu a cikin Czech Republic, Amurka da kuma a wasu yankunan yammacin Siberia.

Close a kinship, Reania fi kyau karatu fiye da Cookson. Its jiki na ya fi m: shuka tsawo iya isa har zuwa 50 cm, da kuma diamita na kara - 5 mm. A karshen kara ya rinii Dome, inda akwai rigingimu.

Ancient wakilan Reania ba Yunƙurin zuwa dama shuke-shuke na yammacin sahara da subtropics. Bisa ga zamani rarrabuwa, suna tattare wuri guda a psilophytes sashen. Yana da matukar kananan, a gaskiya ya hada game da 20 jinsin. A wasu madaidaci suna sosai kama su da kakanninsu. A musamman, su duka biyu da dichotomous sashe. Psilophytes m tsawo na 25 zuwa 40 cm.

zamani binciken

Har kwanan nan, masana binciken burbushin halittu sun samu a sediments girmi 425 shekaru miliyan, kawai ragowar m triletnyh shawarwari tare da m harsashi. Irin wannan Finds gano a cikin ƙasa na Turkey. Su suna kira zuwa ga Upper Ordovician. Found abubuwa ba zai iya zubar da haske a kan lokacin da ya faru na jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke, kamar yadda suka kasance rare da shi shi ne gaba daya m yadda daidai yi da wakilan da shuka iri mallakar santsi spores.

Amma ba haka ba da dadewa ragowar abin dogara triletnyh shawarwari tare da ornamented harsashi da aka samu a Saudi Arabia. An tabbatar da cewa shekaru na samu samfurori jeri daga 444 zuwa 450 da miliyan. Years.

A flowering jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke bayan glaciation

A cikin rabi na biyu na Ordovician halin yanzu Saudi Arabia da kuma Turkey lissafta ga arewacin supercontinent Gondwana. Wannan, a fili, shi ne asali mazauninsu yanki na jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke. Long tarihi lokacin da suka rayu kawai a cikin "juyin halitta shimfiɗar jariri," alhãli kuwa da duniya da sanaki wakilan da m tare da mossy kriptosporami. Mafi m, da sake ma su matsugunni taro na jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke fara bayan da babban glaciation cewa ya faru a nuna na Ordovician da Silurian.

telome ka'idar

A cikin shakka daga cikin nazari akwai wani abin da ake kira Rhyniophyta telome ka'idar, wanda aka halitta da Jamusanci botanist Zimmermann. Ya bayyana tsarin fasali Rhyniophyta, wanda a wannan lokacin da aka gane a matsayin na farko ƙasar shuke-shuke. Zimmermann aka nuna da kuma sa ran hanyar zama muhimmanci vegetative da kuma haihuwa gabobin na mafi girma shuke-shuke.

Bisa ga Bajamushe masanin kimiyya Rhyniophyta jiki kunshi wani radially tsakaitã gatura, m rassan wanda Zimmerman kira jiki (daga Girkanci telos -. "The karshen").

Evolutionary hanyar jiki, ya halartar da yawa canje-canje su ne babban gabobin na mafi girma shuke-shuke: tushe, ganye, tushen, sporophylls.

Saboda haka yanzu za ka iya fili amsa tambaya "Mene ne na farko ƙasar tsire-tsire?". Yau, amsar ne bayyananne. Sun kasance Rhyniophyta. Su na farko da ya haifar a kan Duniya ta surface kuma ya zama na magabatansu na zamani wakilan da Flora, duk da cewa su na waje da kuma na ciki tsarin kasance m.