A hydrolysis dauki: lissafi, hydrolysis samfurin

Chemistry, kamar mafi yawan daidai sciences, bukata mai yawa da hankali da kuma m ilmi, ya ba ta kasance a fi so horo dalibai. Kuma a banza, domin shi zai iya taimaka wa fahimta da yawa daga cikin matakai abin da ke faruwa a kusa da kuma cikin. Dauki, misali, da hydrolysis dauki: da farko duba alama cewa shi ne kawai muhimmanci ga chemists, amma a zahiri ba tare da wani jiki ba yadda ya kamata aiki. Bari mu koyi game da siffofin da wannan tsari, da kuma ta m muhimmancin ga bil'adama.

A hydrolysis dauki: abin da yake da shi?

A cewar wani takamaiman jumlar kira biyu bazuwar dauki tsakanin ruwa da kuma abu narkar da a cikinta ta samar da sabon mahadi. Hydrolysis kuma za a iya kira da solvolysis a ruwa.

Wannan sunadarai lokaci kafa ta biyu Girkanci kalmomi "ruwa" da "fadada".

hydrolysis kayayyakin

Dauke dauki iya faruwa a cikin hulda da H ₂ Ya tare da biyu kwayoyin da inorganic abubuwa. Its sakamakon dogara da oda a lamba tare da ruwa fiye da, da kuma idan amfani da ƙarin abubuwa, catalysts, ko da yawan zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba da aka canza.

Alal misali, salts da hydrolysis dauki inganta samuwar acid da kuma alkalis. Kuma idan muna magana ne game da kwayoyin abubuwa samar da wasu kayayyakin. The mai ruwa-ruwa solvolysis mai taimaka wa glycerol kuma mafi girma m acid. Idan tsari na faruwa a tare da sunadarai, shi ne kafa a sakamakon daban-daban amino acid. Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) an bazu zuwa cikin monosaccharides.

A cikin jikin mutum, iya cikakken metabolize sunadaran da carbohydrates, da hydrolysis dauki na "rage wuya" su zuwa abubuwa da jiki ne iya nike. Saboda haka solvolysis a ruwa taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ada aiki na kowane daga cikin nazarin halittu misali.

salts hydrolysis

Bayan koyon abin da hydrolysis dauki, shi wajibi ne don samun saba da ita a cikin kwarara daga abubuwa na inorganic asalin, wato salts.

A siffofin da wannan tsari ne da cewa hulda da wadannan mahadi da ruwa, mai rauni electrolyte ions a cikin gishiri ne katse daga gare shi, kuma da tsari tare da H ₂ Ya sabon abubuwa. Wannan zai iya amfãne ko dai acid, ko raunana ne tushe, ko duka biyu, da kuma more. Saboda duk wannan kuma, akwai ma'auni dissociation na ruwa hijira.

Reversible da babu ja hydrolysis

A sama misali za a iya gani maimakon daya biyu kibiyoyi, duka biyu nuna a daban-daban kwatance a karshe hydrolysis lissafi. Abin da ake nufi? Wannan alamar na nuni da cewa hydrolysis dauki reversible. A aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa hulɗa tare da ruwa, dauka a lokaci guda ba kawai abu decomposes cikin gyara (wanda damar sabon mahadi faruwa), amma aka kafa a sake.

Duk da haka, ba kowane hydrolysis ne reversible, in ba haka ba, ba zai yi sa hankali, saboda sabon abu zai zama m.

Akwai da dama daga abubuwan da za su iya taimaka don tabbatar da cewa irin wannan dauki da ya zama babu ja:

• Zazzabi. Daga cewa, yanã ƙara ko rage-rage dogara a kan shugabanci a cikin abin da ma'auni ne canja zuwa gudana dauki. Idan ya zama mafi girma, akwai wani motsi da endothermic dauki. Idan a kan m, da zazzabi da aka rage, da amfani da shi ne a kan gefen exothermic dauki.
• Matsa lamba. Wannan shi ne wani thermodynamic yawa, rayayye influencing da ion hydrolysis. Idan ta fito, da sinadaran ma'auni ne canja zuwa gefe na dauki, wadda yana tare da wani karu a total gas. Idan tayi, mataimakin versa.
• A high ko low maida hankali daga cikin abubuwa da hannu a cikin dauki, kazalika da gaban ƙarin catalysts.

Iri hydrolysis a cikin halayen gishiri mafita

• By anion (ion tare da wani mummunan cajin). Solvolysis a ruwa salts na rauni acid da kuma karfi da kwasfansu. Irin wannan dauki saboda da kaddarorin da reactants ne reversible.

• Kamar yadda cation (m ion cajin). Hydrolysis da gishiri da karfi acid da kuma raunana tushe. Shi ne kuma reversible.
• Reaction na wani rauni acid da kuma raunana tushe salts. Irin wannan tsari za a iya gani kusan babu ja, tun da duk na sabon-kafa abu da barin abin da ake kira dauki zone, precipitating ko zuwa gas.
• A hali da kuma tushe da kuma acid gishiri - karfi, a irin wannan bayani ba ya faruwa ruwa-ruwa solvolysis.

digiri na hydrolysis

By nazarin halaye na hydrolysis a salts, yana da daraja biya da hankali ga irin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda ta digiri. By wannan kalma tana nufin da rabo daga salts (wanda suke riga a wani bazuwar dauki tare da H ₂ Ya) da jimlar adadin da abu dauke a cikin bayani.

A weaker da acid ko tushe wanda ke taka rawa a cikin hydrolysis, da hakan mataki. Yana aka auna a cikin kewayon 0-100% da aka ƙaddara da dabara aka nuna a kasa.

N - yawan kwayoyin da abu shige hydrolysis da kuma N ₀ - total number a cikin bayani.

A mafi yawan lokuta, da mataki na solvolysis a mai ruwa-ruwa salts ne kananan. Alal misali, a 1% sodium acetate bayani -th shi ne kawai 0.01% (a 20 digiri).

Hydrolysis a kayan da kwayoyin asalin

Koyo tsari na iya faruwa a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai mahadi.

Kusan duk masu rai, hydrolysis auku a matsayin wani ɓangare na samar da makamashi metabolism (catabolism). Da taimakon cleaved sunadarai, fats da carbohydrates a sauƙi assimilable abubuwa. Shi ne sau da yawa da ruwa da kanta ne da wuya a cikin wani wuri don fara aiwatar da solvolysis, don haka jiki yana da amfani da daban-daban enzymes kamar yadda catalysts.

Idan muna magana ne game da wani sinadaran dauki da kwayoyin abubuwa, da nufin samun sabon abubuwa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko samar, don hanzarta da kuma inganta ta bayani da aka kara wa m acid ko Alkali.

Hydrolysis a triglycerides (triacylglycerols)

Wannan wuya pronounceable lokaci kira m acid, wanda mafi yawancin mu da aka sani da fats.

Sun zo a cikin biyu dabba da kayan lambu asalin. Duk da haka, mun san cewa ruwa ba zai iya soke wadannan abubuwa, da yadda hydrolysis na fats?

The dauke dauki kira saponification na fats. Wannan ruwa-ruwa solvolysis triacylglycerols da enzymes a alkaline ko acidic matsakaici. Dangane da mata, kasaftawa alkaline hydrolysis da kuma acid.

A cikin farko case, da dauki samar salts na mafi girma m acid (fi sani da soaps duk). Saboda haka, NaOH samu daga al'ada m sabulu, kuma daga Koh - ruwa. Saboda haka alkaline hydrolysis a triglycerides - wani tsari na samuwar da abu don wanka. Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi za a iya yardar kaina da za'ayi a cikin fats na biyu da kayan lambu da dabbobi asalin.

The dauke dauki shi ne dalilin da cewa kyawawan bad sabulu wanke a wuya ruwa da kuma ba mylitsya a gishiri. Gaskiyar cewa m aka kira H ₂ Ya, wanda ya ƙunshi wani wuce haddi na alli da magnesium ions. A sabulu, sau daya a cikin ruwa, sake shigarsu hydrolysis, saki a cikin sodium ions da hydrocarbon saura. The hulda daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a cikin ruwa insoluble salts suna kafa, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin fari flakes. Don kauce wa wannan, da ruwa da aka kara NaHCO ₃ sodium hydrogen carbonate, fiye da aka sani a matsayin yin burodi soda. Wannan abu mai qara alkalinity na bayani da haka yakan taimaka wa sabulu yin ta ayyuka. Ba zato ba tsammani, don kauce wa irin wannan matsaloli, a cikin zamani na masana'antu ƙuna kerarre daga sauran abubuwa irin su salts na esters na mafi girma alcohols da sulfuric acid. Wadannan kwayoyin dauke daga goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha huɗu carbon atoms, don haka da cewa ba su rasa dũkiyõyinsu a cikin gishiri, ko kuma ruwan zartsi ruwa.

Idan matsakaici a wadda dauki auku, wani acidic, irin wannan tsari shine ake kira acid hydrolysis na triacylglycerols. A wannan yanayin, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu abubuwa gwamnatin acid don glycerol da carboxylic acid.

Hydrolysis na fats da wani zabin - a hydrogenation triacylglycerols. Wannan tsari da ake amfani a wasu iri tsaftacewa, kamar kau da burbushi na acetylene, ethylene ko oxygen impurities na daban-daban tsarin.

Hydrolysis na carbohydrates

A abubuwa suna daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da aka gyara na abinci na mutane da dabbobi. Duk da haka, sucrose, lactose, maltose, sitaci da glycogen a tsarkake form jiki ba zai iya assimilate. Saboda haka, kamar yadda a cikin hali na fats, wadannan carbohydrates suna karye cikin abubuwa assimilable da hydrolysis dauki.

Solvolysis matsayin ruwa aiki na carbon da ake amfani a cikin masana'antun. Sitaci, don haka wannan dauki da H ₂ Ya, tsantsa da kuma glucose syrup, wanda wani bangare ne na kusan duk sweets.

Wani polysaccharide, wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a masana'antu don sarrafa da yawa amfani da abubuwa da kuma kayayyakin - shi ne cellulose. Daga wannan tsantsa fasaha glycerin, ethylene glycol, fodder yisti, sorbitol kuma da aka sani ga duk ethyl barasa.

cellulose hydrolysis auku bayan shafe tsawon daukan hotuna zuwa high yanayin zafi da kuma gaban ma'adinai acid. A karshen samfurin wannan dauki, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da sitaci, glucose. Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa hydrolysis da cellulose ne mafi wuya ga wuce fiye da a sitaci matsayin polysaccharide ne resistant zuwa ma'adinai acid. Duk da haka, domin cellulose ne babban bangaren cell ganuwar mafi girma shuke-shuke, albarkatun kasa, shi hada da, mai rahusa fiye da sitaci. A wannan yanayin, cellulosic glucose mafi amfani ga fasaha da bukatun, yayin da sitaci hydrolysis samfurin da aka dauke su mafi dace domin iko.

hydrolysis sunadaran

Protein - shi ne babban ginin abu ga sel duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Sun kunshi yawa amino acid kuma su ne mai matukar muhimmanci samfurin ga al'ada aiki na jiki. Duk da haka, kasancewa a high-kwayoyin mahadi, sun iya talauci tunawa. Don rage wuya da wannan aiki, shi ne su hydrolysis.

Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da wasu kwayoyin abubuwa, wannan dauki halaka sunadarai zuwa kwayoyin low nauyi kayayyakin, sauƙi digestible da jiki.