A takaice dai tarihi na ci gaban ilmin dabbobi. Milestones ilmin dabbobi

Mutane da wani amfani a cikin kewaye rayayyun kwayoyin halitta daga zamanin dā can. Explore su taimako irin wannan kimiyya a matsayin ilmin dabbobi. Yadda shi ya samo asali da kuma abin da mataki na ci gaba da shi ne a yanzu?

tsoho ilimi

A tarihin kimiyya, "ilmin dabbobi" yana da saiwoyinsa a zamanin da. Riga BC, mutane sun iya tara isasshen ilmi game da rawar da dabbobi iya wasa, da yadda aka shirya da juna. Da farko kimiyya iya samun ayyukan Aristotle, tsoho Greek Falsafa da kuma masanin kimiyya. Ya rubuta ayyukansu "A sassa na dabbobi 'da sauran ayyuka a cikin tarihi da kuma zargin kwayoyin, wanda ya bayyana 452 jinsunan. Ya rike da gagarumin binciken game da tsarin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wani fice masanin kimiyyar ya Pliniy Starshy, wanda Ya halitta Multi-girma "Natural History". A cikin wannan littafin ya ba da bayanin abin da aka sani a lokacin da dabbobi zuwa ga mutane. Da shi shi ne mafi kyau rubutun, wanda ya sa'an nan iya amfani da kimiyya da ilmin dabbobi.

Tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance

A mulkin gargajiya sau, Turai ya sosai fragmented, da kuma a kan jama'a mamaye addini, wanda hampered da ci gaban kowane kimiyya. Saboda haka, a takaice dai tarihi na ci gaban ilmin dabbobi ya bayyana wannan lokacin a matsayin lokacin da cikakkar stagnation. Babu sabon binciken da gagarumin ayyuka a rubuce, akwai wata dabba nazari kusan ba wanda ya yi. A halin da ake ciki ya canza sosai a cikin Renaissance. Jeri na babban matakai na raya kasa na ilmin dabbobi, ba a ma maganar da lokacin shahara matafiya, kamar Magellan, Columbus da kuma Marco Polo, sun yarda da masana kimiyya to ƙwarai wadãtar da ilmi, kawo bayanai game da halittun daga m nahiyoyi, a baya ba a sani ba zuwa Turawa. Revival wani lokaci na jari na ilimi, wanda ake bukata kara amfaninsa.

flowering lokaci

A na gaba lokaci, wanda ya fuskanci kimiyya ilmin dabbobi, shi ne lokacin kira na samuwa ilimi a kan fauna daga sassa daban daban na duniya. A mafi fice a wannan batun ne mai Swiss masanin kimiyya Hesperus, wanda ya rubuta wani m kundin "History of Animals".

A cikin goma sha bakwai karni, shi ya ƙirƙira hange. A takaice dai tarihi na ci gaban ilmin dabbobi Notes wannan batu kamar yadda daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci. The masana kimiyya sun iya gano wani sabon duniya na kankanin kwayoyin, kazalika da yi nazarin mafi kyau tsarin kwayar jikin. A wannan filin musamman tsaye a waje da Dutch halittu Leeuwenhoek, wanda Ya halitta hudu-girma "The asirin yanayi gano karkashin hange." Shi ya gano kasancewar ciliates, karatu ja jini Kwayoyin da tsoka nama na dabba ne. Wani tsanani masanin wadanda sau da aka Italian Malyshgi, ya bayyana jijiyoyi na capillaries da kuma vertabrate sun sosai karatu da excretory gabobin, da kuma maida hankali a iri-iri iri.

Ana zargin sabon masana'antu

A takaice dai tarihi na ci gaban ilmin dabbobi zai zama bai cika ba tare da wani bayanin na zamani, ya zama masomin da yawa zamani rassan kimiyya. Har karni na sha takwas suna da irin batutuwa da systematics dabbobi da kuma binciken burbushin halittu da cewa karatu ma'adanai. An m ci gaban da ya faru a filin na Physiology, inda aikin masana kimiyya da kuma Servet Harvey, da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin jijiyoyi. Cuvier ɓullo da wani gagarumin hulda manufa, wanda ya bayyana dangane da kayan ciki da effects na daya daga cikinsu a cikin mahallin na sauran duka. Ya muhimmanci ayyuka sun hada da "Animal Kingdom" da "Iconography na dabba mulkin." A karshen hada 450 alluna da kuma zane-zane 6.200, wanda aka yi amfani da ilimi adabi, har ma a yanzu. Wani muhimmin littafi - "Maganganu a upheavals a farfajiya na duniya , da kuma canje-canje da abin da suka samar." Wannan aikin dage farawa daga ka'idar rarraba burbushin a yadudduka na duniya.

Darwin binciken

A na gaba lokaci, wanda ya hada da wani taƙaitaccen ci gaban ilmin dabbobi ne nazarin ka'idar juyin halitta da kuma ta tallafi a matsayin tushen duk kimiyya. Mutane sha'awar da ra'ayoyi na cigaba da namun daji, jere daga sauki siffofin da hadaddun tãlikai. A ci gaba da wannan ka'idar sun bayar da gudunmawar ba kawai ga gano Darwin, amma kuma aiki da Shvapna Shleydepa, wanda ya ba da wani ra'ayi na hadin kai na Flora da fauna. Wani fice masanin kimiyyar ya zama Lamarck. Ya ɓullo da wani taxonomy samarwa da Linnaeus, kuma a hankali karatu duniya na kwaro. Aiki "Falsafa na ilmin dabbobi", saki a 1809, da makamantansu, ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a cikin aiki - a ta kimiyyar hana sashe ra'ayoyi da cewa dabbobi ko da yaushe zama guda, da kuma mutunci kafa fitar da ka'idar juyin halitta, a cikin abin da kwayoyin canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje da kuma ciki tafiyar matakai. Timiriazev dauki wannan ka'idar a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kayatarwa, haka zaka iya yin jerin muhimmanci lokaci da cewa yin up babban matakai na raya kasa na ilmin dabbobi.

A zamani lokaci

Yana ƙarasa da taƙaitaccen tarihin ci gaban ilmin dabbobi ashirin da ashirin-arni na farko. Wannan lokaci, fitowan da sabon batun kwayoyin halitta na fasaha, duniya binciken da karfi reshe na kimiyya. Development of ilmin dabbobi suna tsaye alaka da ci gaban aikin noma da kuma dabbobi husbandry, farauta, da kuma sauran irin wannan yankunan. Bugu da kari, da tasiri na amfani zuwa ga mutum kiwon lafiya. A lokacin, 'yan adam yana da wata babbar adadin gaskiyane kuma msar tambayar bayanai. A tsari ne kara samun bayanan da samar da wani da-sanye take Zoological expeditions waɗanda aka aika zuwa m yankunan na duniya. Babu kasa muhimmanci ne ƙwarai a kan kwayoyin da kwayoyin matakin, kazalika da aikin nazari da dabba duniya daga wani muhalli lafiya da aminci sharuddan. shan matsalar cin nama, gwaje-gwajen da cloning da kuma gyara daga cikin DNA igiyoyin, kazalika da kiwo na aikin gona da iri da kai ga gurbacewar muhalli, da damuwa masana kimiyya da fari. Saboda haka, kara ci gaba da ra'ayoyi bukatan a haɗa shi da wa] annan al'amurran, wanda shakka ba zai rasa munasaba ga kimiyya al'umma da kuma a cikin gaba 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.