A tsarin da jirgin. Nau'in da kuma manufar jiragen ruwa

Motsi tare da koguna da tekuna a kan jirãge a tarihi da aka sani na fiye da shekaru dubu biyar. A halin yanzu, bisa ga kullum yarda da terminology, a seagoing jirgin ruwa - wani kaya, fasinja ko sayar da manyan-sized jirgin, jirgin - soja. Lissafa da iri, daga jirgi da kwanoni na iya zama dogon. Mafi shahara teku - shi sailboats da yachts, fasinja jiragen ruwa da kuma jiragen ruwa, jiragen, motocin dakon girma dako. Jirãge - shi ne jirgin dako, battleships, Cruisers, su hallaka, kuma submarines.

A tsarin da jirgin

Ko da abin da irin ko Class ba sun hada da jirgin, shi ne muhimmi a cikin na kowa tsarin abubuwa. A farko wuri, ba shakka, da gidaje, a kan abin da superstructure domin dalilai daban-daban, Mast kuma cuttings. An muhimmin kashi na duk tasoshin ne injuna da kuma propellers a general, ikon shuke-shuke. Domin rayuwa jiragen suna da muhimmanci na'urorin, tsarin, lantarki, piping da kuma kayan aiki na gabatarwa.

Tanã gudãna, tasoshin sanye take da har yanzu da magudi.

Hanci kira gaban feed - baya karshen daga cikin gidaje da kuma ta gefe saman - bangarorin. Gefen dama na jirgin ruwa yayin da motsi da matuƙan kira gefen dama na jirgin ruwa, bar - backboard.

Kasa ko kasa ne m ɓangare na jirgin, cikas - kwance zoba. A riƙe da jirgin - wannan shi ne kasa dakin, wanda aka located tsakanin kasa da kasa na cikin bene. Ɗaya kuma tsakanin kira tweendeck.

The zane na ƙwanso

Idan muka magana game da jirgin a duk, ko da wani jirgin ko da wani farar hula jirgin ruwa, jiki shi ne mai hana ruwa jiki streamlined siffar, m ciki. The gidaje samar da wani buoyant jirgin ruwa da kuma wani tushe ko dandamali a kan wanda aka saka kayan aiki ko da makamai dangane da manufa na jirgin.

nau'in jirgin ruwa, kuma Yanã da siffar jiki, da kuma ta size.

Ƙwanso kunshi wani sa da kuma fata. Bulkheads da cikas - ne abubuwa muhimmi a cikin wasu iri tasoshin.

Fanelin za a iya yi na itace, a zamanin da, da kuma a yau, robobi da kuma welded tare ko riveted karfe faranti ko karfafa kankare.

A ciki gefen don kula da ƙarfi, kuma siffar da ƙwanso plating da bene goyan bayan mai kafa rigidly juna katakanta, katako, ko karfe, wanda aka shirya a mai gangara kuma a tsaye kwatance.

A extremities na jiki mafi sau da yawa ya ƙare da karfi bim: a cikin tsanani ne - mai tsanani da firam da hanci - tushe. Dangane da irin jirgin ruwa contours na baka iya zama daban-daban. Su sanin karu a juriya motsi da jirgin ruwa, samar da maneuverability da seaworthiness. Karkashin ruwa jirgin hanci rage ruwa juriya da kuma, sabili da haka, qara jirgin ta gudu, da kuma man fetur amfani an rage. Kuma icebreakers kara karfi tilted gaba, game da shi, jirgin ruwan jan ciki a kan kankara da kuma halaka shi tare da nauyi.

sa gidaje

The gidaje na wani jirgin ruwa dole karfi shaidu a cikin tsaye, a tsaye kuma mai gangara shugabanci a tsayayya da ruwa matsa lamba, bugu tãguwar ruwa a lokacin hadari da wani sauran sojojin da aiwatar da shi ba.

Karkashin ruwa na jirgin ji da brunt. Saboda haka, a cikin tsakiyar keel sa kafa babban tsaye mahada cewa daukan kokarin, sakamakon buckling jirgin ruwa - a tsaye filafilin kifi. Ya gudanar da dukan tsawon na jiki da aka haɗa ta kara da tsananin frame, kuma ta yi dogara a kan irin jirgin ruwa.

A layi daya da keel na kasa therealong ne stringers, su yawan dogara a kan jirgin ta girma da kuma rage-rage ga baka da mãsu kauri, mãsu matsayin karami da nisa daga cikin kasa.

Sau da yawa gefen keels aka kafa don rage tasirin pitching na jirgin gefe, ba su tafi bayan jiki girma da fadi da tsawon da daban-daban constructions.

Tsaye karfe zanen gado, wadda ake kira kasa benaye, saka fadin gidaje da kuma welded zuwa keel kuma iya zama permeable da kuma impermeable.

gefe na kasa sa na ci gaba da daukar ma'aikata da kuma kunshi stringers (a tsaye sanduna) da kuma Frames (mai gangara hakarkarinsa). Kara aka dauke a cikin soja Shipbuilding sifili frame da aka makala da kuma talakawan frame - midsection.
Bene sa ne a tsarin na intersecting tsaye da kuma mai gangara bim - bugo.

A harsashi na jirgin

jirgin ruwa harsashi kunshi da na waje na kasa da kuma gefen harsashi plating da bene. A fata na waje - na kwance belts ware, interconnected a hanyoyi daban-daban: vnakroy, butt carvel, herringbone.

Karkashin ruwa na jirgin ya zama da karfi, don haka ƙananan (sharrin tara) fata bel gudanar thicker matsakaici zones. A wannan kauri da kuma plating zone shi ne ake kira shirstrekom, y marinjãya m bene bim.

Bene planking kunshi matsakaicin tsawon zanen gado, wadda ake goyon baya a kan bene guda tari, kuma ya takaita da ciki sarari na saman jirgin. Zanen gado ana shirya tare da dogon gefen jirgin ruwa. A m kauri na karfe bene ne 4 mm. Katako dabe za a iya kafa daga allon.

Bene - tarin sa, kuma dabe.

bene jirgin

Height da jirgin ta ƙwanso ne zuwa kashi da dama cikas da dandamali. Platform - wani bene cewa ba dukan tsawon na jirgin, amma kawai a fadin mahara partitions.

Cikas ake kira da wuri a kan jirgin ruwa kasa, tsakiya da kuma saman. A iyakar da jirgin (a baka da kuma tsananin) a karkashin ƙananan bene ne dandamali da cewa an dauke su top-saukar.

Number of biyu cikas da dandamali ya dogara da girman da jirgin, da manufar da tsarin.

River tasoshin da kuma gauraye kewayawa tasoshin da babban ko babba bene. Marine, kamar fasinja jirgin, ya zama daidai - wani fasinja jirgin ruwa, uku cikas.

Manyan lake fasinja jiragen ruwa da wani tsaka-tsaki bene, sai dai da babban daya, kafa ɗaya kuma tsakanin.

Cruise jirgin iya zama da yawa ya fi girma cikas. Alal misali, a kan "Titanic" sun hudu na su, wanda gudu da dukan tsawon daga jirgin, biyu dandamali ba su isa ko dai hanci ko ga mãsu kauri, mãsu daya katse a cikin baka da daya aka located kawai a gaban jirgin. Da sabuwar jirgin Royal Princess yana da goma sha tara cikas.

Upper bene, shi ne ma ya kira wani babban, ko primary, tsayayya da matsakaicin gajiyan karkashin gangara matsawa kuma a tsaye lankwasawa daga cikin gidaje. A bene na jirgin da aka saba yi tare da kadan Yunƙurin a tsakiyar wata baka da tsananin da kuma kumbura a cikin gangara shugabanci, su sa shi sauki ga garken ga bangarorin da ruwa makale a kan bene a kausasa tekuna.

topside

Bene superstructures - superstructures zane da aka located fadin nisa daga cikin jirgin ruwa. Sun samar da wata rufaffiyar girma, wanda aka yi amfani a matsayin ofishin da na zama gabatarwa. Board kira da superstructure, da gefen bangon ne har yanzu a kan jirgin. Amma mafi yawan sarari a kan babba bene ba ya mika ga bangarorin. Saboda haka, akwai da dama al'ada rabo a kan dace add-ins da cewa suna located a kan wani fairly manyan tsawon na jirgin ruwa, da kuma yanke ma superstructure, amma takaice.

Tun da babba bene na jirgin ne zuwa kashi sassan, kowa da sunan kansa, wannan sunan da aka ba da kuma kara-ins, suke located: bin mãsu rukũ'i, mãsu kauri, ko Jutes da kuma talakawan. Forecastle - rukũ'i superstructure - ne aka yi nufi ga kara baka da ƙwanso.

A tank iya rike har zuwa 2/3 na da tsawon da jirgin ruwa. A elongated tank aka sanya a kan fasinja jiragen ruwa bukkokin da kaya jiragen ruwa - kaya tweendeck.
A aft superstructure - da poop ko poop - a kan kaya jiragen ruwa tsara masaukai ga tawagar.

Tsakanin kusurwoyi garkuwa bene superstructures, wanda ya kamata kare bene daga ambaliya ruwa.

A kan jirãge, dangane da irin da kuma manufar da jirgin ruwa, yankan ne da za'ayi a dama, saukarwa.

A riverboats kiran sa-hannun kawai cikin dakin a wanda aka located da dabaran da kuma rediyo, da kuma duk sauran Tsarin kan babba bene - ƙara-kan.

jirgin compartments

A tsarin da jirgin soja ko na farar hula jirgin ruwa yakan haifar da watertight compartments, wanda ƙara da unsinkable.

A ciki a tsaye ganuwar (bulkheads) rike watertight raba tare da tsawon da ciki juz'i na shiga jirgi zuwa compartments. Sun hana ruwa cika dukan ciki ƙarar ta lalace a karkashin ruwa na jirgin da kuma yaduwar wuta.

A compartments daga jirgin, dangane da aikace-aikace, suna da nasu sunayen. Major ikon shuke-shuke suna shigar a cikin wani daki, da ake kira da mota, ko da engine dakin. A engine dakin na tukunyar jirgi watertight rabu da kãriya mai shãmakacẽwa. Lodi hawa a kaya compartments (riƙe). The rai bariki ga ma'aikatan jirgin da kuma fasinjoji ake magana a kai zama da fasinja da yake riƙe. Fuel adana a cikin man fetur daki.

Gabatarwa a cikin compartments haske garkuwa bulkheads. Don su iya samun cikin compartments a cikin bene bene hatches kashe rectangular siffar. Su size dogara a kan manufa compartments.

Jirgin propulsion tsarin

Ikon shuka a kan jirgin - da injuna da kuma karin kayan aiki, wanda ba kawai kai ga yunkuri na jirgin, amma kuma samar da shi tare da wutar lantarki.

The motsi na jirgin ne babban engine, da jirgin ya propeller, shafting alaka.

Karin sunadaran samar da jirgin tare da wutar lantarki, desalinated ruwa, tururi.

Bisa ga manufa na aiki da kuma irin babban engine, da kuma samar da makamashi kafofin jirgin propulsion tsarin ko iya zama tururi-injin turbin, dizal, dizelturbinnoy, gas injin turbin, atomic ko a hade.

Jirgin na'urorin da tsarin

jirgin gini - ba kawai da ƙwanso da superstructure, shi ne kuma marine na'urar, musamman kayan aiki da kuma bene hanyoyin tabbatar da aiki da jirgin. Ba tare da tuƙi ko anga na'urorin ba wakiltar jirgin ko da mutane nisa daga Shipbuilding. Kuma a cikin kowane jirgin ruwa da aka towing, tsayawarta, jirgin ruwa, wani kaya naúrar. Dukan su suna sarrafa da kuma kiyaye bene support sunadaran, wanda sun hada da tuƙi giya, towing, babbar mota, kuma jirgin ruwan winches, farashinsa da kuma more.

Jirgin tsarin - shi ne da yawa kilomita bututun da farashinsa, kida da na'urorin, ta hanyar da ruwa ne pumped daga riqe ko ruwa mai guba da aka kawota ga ruwan sha ko kumfa a cikin hali na wuta, bayar da dumama, samun iska da kuma kwandishan.

Sassan da engine dakin samar da man fetur aiki engine tsarin, iska domin matsa iska sanyaya injuna.

Tare da lantarki lighting da aka bayar a kan jirgin ruwa da kuma aiki na sunadaran da kuma na'urorin da cewa suna powered by wani shipboard iko. All zamani jiragen ruwa suna sanye take da nagartaccen kewayawa kayan aiki domin sanin shugabanci na tafiya (Hakika) da kuma zurfin, aunawa Gudun gudun da cikas ganewa a hazo ko zuwan tasoshin.

External da ciki sadarwa a kan jirgin, ta hanyar rediyo kayan aiki: rediyo, VHF rediyo tarho, marine tarho mu'amala.

jirgin gabatarwa

Marine wuraren, duk abin da adadinsu ya kan jirgin, zuwa kashi da dama kungiyoyin.

Wannan masauki domin teams (da jami'an 'gida da kuma forecastle) da kuma fasinjoji (bukkokin na daban-daban masu girma dabam).

Fasinja shafi amma suna rare a yau. 'Yan mutane da damar da su, don matsawa a jinkirin gudun ga tsawon nisa. Da yawa sauri za ka iya yin shawagi. Saboda haka, da fasinja gida - shi ba nasa cruise jirãge.

Fasinja gida, musamman a kan cruise jirãge, a cikin ta'aziyya zuwa kashi da dama azuzuwan. A sauki gida yayi kama da jirgin karusa daki tare da hudu shelves kuma tare da kusan babu furniture, sau da yawa ta cikin jiki da kuma ba shi da wani tagar jirgin ruwa ko taga, tare da wucin gadi lighting. A shafi Royal Princess yayi fasinjoji da na marmari biyu-daki babban dakuna da zaman balconies.

Gida a cikin jirgi, da jirgin ne soja - shi ne mai gidan wanka umurnin sanda. Shugaban da manyan jami'an da raba guda bukkokin.

Ganawa da dakuna - shi ne parlors, cinemas, gidajen cin abinci, library. Alal misali, cruise jirgin zango na Tekuna a kan jirgin yana da 20 gidajen cin abinci, wani real kankara Rink, wani gidan caca da kuma wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo don har zuwa 1380 kallo, wani kulob na dare, kulob na jazz da wani disco.

Domin tsafta da kuma tattalin arziki hada da kiwon lafiya (wanki dakuna, shawa, dakunan wanka, saunas) da kuma Ahlul-Baiti, da suka hada da abinci iri iri na ajiya da kuma mai amfani da dakuna.

A ofisoshin fasinjoji yawanci hana damar. Wannan shi ne dakin a cikinsa da gudanar da jirgin ruwa, ko da yake rediyo kayan aiki, engine dakin, bita, ajiya na kayayyakin gyara da kuma sauran marine hannun jari.
Don gabatarwa na musamman manufar hada kaya riqe, ajiya na m ko ruwa habaka.

sailing jirgin

tafiya jirgin da na'urar kadan daban-daban daga al'ada jirgin ruwa. Kawai na'ura da magudi.

Rig - wani tarin dukan jirgin filafili. Mast - cikakken bayani da cewa kai tsaye kai da ze tashi. Wannan mast, spars, mast, bowsprit, booms da sauran abubuwa saba daga littattafai game da fashin teku na baya ƙarni.

Musamman kaya, via wanda wani ajali matsayi na mast, da mast bowsprit kira tsaye magudi, kamar shrouds. Irin wannan casing zauna tsit da aka yi da wani lokacin farin ciki Smolenov kerarre daga shuka kayan ko galvanized baƙin ƙarfe ko karfe igiya, da kuma a wasu wurare - sarƙoƙi.

M kaya, bayan da ta filafili ba tsabta da kuma yin wasu ayyukan hade tare da gudanar da wani sailing jirgin ruwa, da ake kira a guje magudi. Wannan ne da zanen gado, halyards da kuma sauran abubuwa da aka yi da m karfe, roba ko hemp igiyoyi.

A duk sauran fannoni, har ma a cikin yawan cikas, tafiya jiragen ruwa kamar da 'yan'uwanmu.

Mnogopalubnoe jirgin karkashin ze tashi bayyana a cikin XVI karni. A Spanish Galleon dangane da kawar da zai iya zama daga 2 zuwa 7 cikas. A superstructure ne ma ya gina a dama, saukarwa, a cikin abin da rai bariki aka located ga fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin na jami'an.

A tsarin da jirgin, a kalla, ta asali tsarin abubuwa da ba su dogara a kan irin da manufar da jirgin ruwa, ko sailboats, kore ta iska ikon, da inflator filafili ko wheeled jiragen ruwa tare da wani tururi engine a matsayin engine, cruise liners da tururi inji mai farfela shigarwa, ko nukiliya-powered icebreakers.