A tsarin tsarin gine-gine da kuma Tsarin. zane Basics

A tsarin tsarin ginin kunshi juna gine-gine abubuwa. All tsaye da kuma a kwance gyara aiki a tare da kuma samar da wani uniform juriya, sagè da ƙarfi erecting Tsarin. Takamaiman tsarin gane gidan da sabis lodi da kuma aika su zuwa tsaye dauke firam. Core abubuwa na ginin tsayayya iska sojojin, ya gane danniya daga ayyukan mutane, kai da nauyin da kwance gyara da kuma aika da da tasiri a kan tushe da kuma tushe.

Takamaiman hali abubuwa

Wadannan gina aka nuna a cikin yi abubuwa, wanda a cikin sharuddan na adadin zuwa babban har. A tsarin tsarin ginin da shawara cewa, da slab, monolithic sassan, joists, katakanta, suka trusses zane na kankare, karfe, itace, dangane da ake bukata kaya da kuma span masu girma dabam.

Da farko, a sãfiya da zamanin yi, a kwance slab gina a kan manufa na goyon bayan katakanta da slabs na shafi abu. Amma da zamani zane na gine-gine ta amfani da karfafa kankare m, ribbed, U-dimbin yawa, Korytny slab cewa lokaci guda hada a cikin aikinsa qazanta kusoshi da kuma yankin dace da aiki.

Canja wuri na lodi daga kwance abubuwa

Aiwatar bisa ga makirci, a lokacin da tasiri yana daukar kwayar cutar duk dako ko a tsaye abubuwa ne rarraba a zaba domin wannan dalili tsarin m bango, diaphragm, ko da alaka tsakanin uprights na shafi. Domin masana'antu shuke-shuke yi zane samar da wani hade Hanyar watsa lodi ga rarraba da a kwance sojojin a cikin stiffeners da proportionately tsakanin tsaye gyara.

Floor slabs da lãbãri a gare goyon bayan diaphragm stiffness, da suka hada kwance rarraba kaya da kuma watsa daga cikin tsaye abubuwa. Kankare slabs layi da yankin a cikin dakin kuma matsar da} o} arin, godiya ga m dangane da a tsaye Tsarin.

A amfani da kankare ne saboda wuta aminci da bukatun, slabs na high-Yunƙurin gine-gine ya kamata a yi na fireproof abu. Tattalin arziki da nazari a kan halin kaka don yi na rufi bangarori da damar amfani da su a cikin manyan yawa a cikin gine-gine na wani irin. Faranti a gina zane teams yi, monolithic ko prefabricated monolithic.

A iri-iri na tsaye m abubuwa

A daidai da m irin tsaye abubuwa, tattara} o} arin, tsarin layout na gine-gine ne zuwa kashi hudu main iri:

• planar tsarin ƙunshi kawai wani bangare na ganuwar da karankarman ƙirji.
• gawa firam da kuma kunsha sanda da kwasfa (diaphragm da kuma bango) aka gyara.
• karɓar, saliha dukan tsawo na ciki shaft yi girma da kuma sarari da m sashe.
• A daina kai hare hare tsarin yin amfani da external volumetric mafita a cikin nau'i na rufaffiyar-harsashi da bakin ciki abubuwa.

Industrial zane da fasaha da tsarin gine-gine

Na zama gidaje suna da nasu typological siffofin, wadannan sun hada da a tsaye load-qazanta abubuwa, wanda aka located a cikin jirgin sama na katangu. A amfani da ginshiƙai kamar na asali Tsarin riga a farko mataki na bunkasa masana'antu a yarda da haskaka hudu zane makircinsu:

• Yi amfani da mai gangara goyon bayan girders.
• tare da goyon bayan tsaye bim.
• giciye-tsarin na'urar na dogon abubuwa.
• ba tare da yin amfani da wani zane runs.

Design na gine-gine da kuma Tsarin kan masana'antu da hanyoyin zai ba kawai sa aikin overlaps mafi juna, amma kuma fadada yawan iri a tsaye load-qazanta abubuwa. More kwanan amfani sanyata bayani amfani da kututturan rigidity daga cikin rufaffiyar irin. Wadannan abubuwa suna da kullum a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na ginin, shi ya ga ya dace don gano wuri a can ventshahty, lif, ki chutes. Manyan har a kan yi bukatar shigarwa na mahara rigidity kututturan.

A tsarin zane na wani goyon bayan da harsashi ne wani matashi gine-gine da bayani. Its bayyanar iya canzawa yawan prisms, cylinders, pyramids ko wasu lissafi siffofi girma.

A zabi na zane bayani

Gini ne mai kowa yana da zane na canzawa halayyar yi wanda ba ya nufin sanin abu na yi da kuma hanyar da gine. Alal misali, a frameless bango siriri zane yayin da aiki yadda ya kamata a yi bulo, itace, kankare, kumfa, kuma da yawa wasu na zamani da kayayyakin.

Hada tsarin tsarin ginin ya bayyana a bambance-bambancen da zane yanke shawara a kan abun da ke ciki da kuma wuri na babban irin tsaye da kuma mai gangara mambobi a daban-daban kwatance. Its irin aka zaba a farko zane mataki , shan la'akari aiki da bukatun sa a gaba ta hanyar fasaha da kuma m sarari-shiryawa mafita.

Bugu da kari a wadannan fannoni a cikin asusun a lokacin da zabi zane makirci na shan da hali na rarraba kwance sojojin da su hulda da a tsaye frame members. A tsarin tsarin na masana'antu da gine-gine da aka ƙaddara da shan la'akari da tasiri na gine-gine da yanke shawara da kuma irin tsarin. A zabi na aikin shafan da yawan hawa gine-gine da aikin injiniya yi yanayi a fannin ilmin binciken kasa sharuddan.

A amfani da daban-daban zane mafita a cikin zane na gidaje da gine-gine

Raga bayani da firam sarari embodiment amfani a yi resistant zuwa seismological bala'i gine-gine da kuma high Yunƙurin gine-gine rubuta a kan tara benaye, kazalika a wasu gine-gine a al'ada yanayi. Wannan shi ne babban ci gaba da tsarin na gina zane, gidaje yi ne da wuya amfani saboda m tattalin arziki kudin.

Frameless irin na sarari mafita amfani a yi na zama gine-gine, amfani da zane na high-Yunƙurin gine-gine har zuwa 30 benaye. The girma-gina block sanyata tsarin kunshi qazanta abubuwa hada da sanya daya a kan wasu kai-da goyon bayan girma raka'a. Saboda haka abin da ake kira da ginshiƙai aiki a jummai, ta hanyar m juna ta hanyar m abubuwa da alaka je m.

Frame-diaphragm yi bayani

A tsarin da dangantaka da hade regimens da wani bai cika kwarangwal da kuma dogara ne a kan rarraba ayyuka tsakanin tsit ma'auni sanda da kuma bango hali kayayyakin. A tsarin tsarin na high-Yunƙurin gine-gine gina a kan manufa da canja wurin na kwance lodi a kan tsaye bango na diaphragm da kuma a kan core abubuwa ne a tsaye sojojin da ke faruwa a cikin firam. Wannan hanya da ake gina, mafi high-Yunƙurin panel-firam gine-gine da gidaje irin karkashin al'ada yanayi na yi da kuma girgizar kasa hadarin yankunan.

Frame-block na sarari ƙuduri

Yana dogara ne a kan hadin gwiwa aiki frame tubalan da abubuwa, da kuma m Tsarin yi aiki a matsayin goyon abubuwa ko hinged. Tare da kankare tubalan cika a sarari a cikin m frame raga. Biasing abubuwa saka daya a kan wasu a kan kwance frame dandamali wanda aka shirya a 3-5 benaye. Wannan tsarin ya tabbatar da kanta sosai a cikin gine-gine sama 12 benaye.

Gine-gine da kuma tattalin arziki da bukatun ayyana tsarin makirci a lõkacin da zabar wani aikin. Dogon zane abubuwa don haka da cewa ba su ƙeta shiryawa bayani, tare da rufi bim ba protrude a kan surface a zama gine-gine. Mai gangara gudanar da hankula-gine da na yau da kullum salula tsarin a shirin (hotels, dormitories), cikinsa da farar qazanta crossbars jũyar da ganuwar da partitions. Tsaye wuri na ɗora Kwatancen dogon-tsawon bim amfani da ayyukan daga zama gine-gine lebur irin.

Bezrigelny frame amfani a gina gidaje, idan kana amfani da precast kankare Tsarin impractical saboda rashin a fannin manyan masana'antu da ƙungiyoyi. Beamless tsarin ne halin da low AMINCI da babban kudin, a yi amfani da gina monolithic da kumshin prefabricated gine-gine kai-leveling benaye da hanyar dagawa da kuma motsi formwork.

Yi tsarin don gine-gine

Yana bayyana a sanyata bayani a cikin hadaddun aiwatar mafita bisa ga Hanyar erection na tsarin da kuma kayan selection da ake ji abubuwa da nodes. A tsarin gini tsarin tsara gine-gine tare da aza-qazanta ganuwar da kananan-sized tubalan, tubalin halitta dutse, tukwane ko kankare. Tsarin ne zuwa kashi gargajiya prefabrication.

Traditional yi makirci

A tsarin dogara ne a kan manual kisan masonry ganuwar. Da yake jawabi na masana'antu Hanyar yi, ya kamata a lura da cewa gargajiya makirci zauna kwasfa yi abubuwa. All sauran sassa na ginin kamar benaye, matakala, katakanta, ginshikan da sauransu a cikin masana'antu da ake dauka daga cikin cikakken taro na aikin da elevates gargajiya yi na babban matakin masana'antu.

A gargajiya amfani da tsarin ta'allaka ne da cewa kananan size na masonry raka'a damar gina gidaje na daban-daban siffofi, wani tsawo. Brick ganuwar amince sarrafa na dogon lokaci, suna da wani babban bakin kofa ga wuta juriya, ashlaring ba ya bukatar plastering. A disadvantages sun hada da mafi haduwar da dogaro da karfin halaye na kayayyakin fasaha da kuma zanen mason.

prefabrication tsarin

A cewar wannan makirci aiki gine-gine kayayyaki, da gina wanda dogara ne a kan shigarwa na manyan prefabricated abubuwa (bangarori, tubalan) sanya bulo, tukwane, kankare. Prefabrication makaman da aka gina a kan tsarin:

• na manyan tubalan.
• ta amfani da bangarori;
• mai dagawa wallboard a kan firam.
• na girma tubalan.
• na karfafa kankare.

Manyan-tsarin gini

Wadannan iri tsarin tsarin gine-gine amfani a yi na zama gine-gine har zuwa 22 benaye. Manyan kwance tubalan aka sanya a kan irin tubali da bandaging na seams. A abũbuwan amfãni daga manyan-block tsarin ne da sauki da kuma sauri na shigarwa abubuwa, da ikon yin amfani da daban-daban kayan. A iyaka yawan misali girma dabam na bukatar a kananan zuba jari, tare da gina yawa siffofin.

Panel zane da wuraren

A karkashin wannan makirci, tsara da gidan a tsawo daga 14 zuwa 30 benaye, bi da bi, a girgizar kasa da kuma yankunan a talakawa yanayi. garun tsarin kunshi mutum bangarori sanya daya a kan wani ba tare da ligation sutures a sumunti turmi. Su kwanciyar hankali da aka tabbatar da waldi fixings, da kuma m, a aiki fili Hadin da kuma gidajen abinci. Aikace-aikace na tsarin rage haduwar har zuwa 40%, da gina kudin na zuwa 7%, rage overall nauyi na tsari ne 20-30%.

Prefabricated katako frame aikin yanke shawara

Gine-gine gina fita daga karfe tare da m frame ko precast da kuma firam saka bangarori daban-daban na kayan. A yarda wa yi gine-gine na da irin wannan up to 30 benaye. Yafi amfani a jama'a gine-gine, a matsayin gidaje ta bãyar da wani panel a kan tattalin arziki da fasaha Manuniya.

Space-block gini

Wannan hanya da dangantaka da gina masana'antu irin da kuma kunshi a installing na sarari abubuwa na karfafa kankare yin la'akari har zuwa 25 ton, hada da wani allo wanda dakin (kitchen, dakin, wanka, da dai sauransu) suna gina tubalan ba tare da ligation sutures. Irin wannan tsari ba don rage wuya da 15% idan aka kwatanta da panel Hanyar. Production na manyan tubalan ta 15% fiye da na bangarori. Gina gidaje a kananan yawan benaye a girgizar kasa da kuma yankunan 16-storey karkashin al'ada yanayi.

Monolithic yi tsarin

Suna amfani ga high-Yunƙurin gine-gine. A tsarin tsarin na monolithic gine-gine hada Tsarin cikin abin da duk load-qazanta abubuwa da aka gyara an yi amfani da karfafa kankare. Hada makirci shirye-monolithic gidan bayar da shawarar daukana lodi a kan wani firam sanya na precast kankare abubuwa. Monolithic tsarin frameless zane na'urar da prefabricated gini monolithic tare da firam ko ba.

Ga masana'antu da hanyoyin cikin wannan yanki sun hada da gine-gine tare da yin amfani da kankare a cikin formwork:

• MA;
• girma resettable.
• garkuwa manyan size.

Erection na monolithic firam gine-gine a cikin yin hanyoyin:

• dagawa inuwõyi.
• natsuwã benaye.

Monolithic tsarin yayi daidai da ƙarfin ire irin gine-gine, kari amfani a cikin wadanda wuraren da za ka iya yi aiki amfani da gida da kayayyakin da ba su zuba jari a ci gaba da samar da tushe.