Abin da abubuwa kira aldehydes da ketones? A amfani da aldehydes

Mahadi da ciwon a tsarinta a carbonyl kungiyar ne aldehydes ko ketones. A aldehydes (RCOH) carbonyl kungiyar bonded zuwa hydrocarbon m da kuma daya hydrogen zarra. In ba haka ba, za ka iya ce cewa wadannan abubuwa dauke da aldehyde kungiyar (-COH), a cikin abin da carbonyl cibiyar an haɗa da hydrogen zarra. A ketones (RCOR '), biyu hydrocarbon radicals bonded zuwa carbonyl kungiyar. Sunan zo daga aldehyde acid, a cikin abin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka da suka suna tuba, msl, tururuwa (formaldehyde), ethyl (acetaldehyde), propionaldehyde, butyric, valeric aldehydes. A cewar duniya nomenclature kira aldehydes: ethanal, propanal. Names of suna ketone form radicals, to wanda ake kara kawo karshen ketone. Alal misali, dimethyl ketone (acetone), methyl ethyl ketone. Title duniya nomenclature ketone zo daga Bugu da kari na hydrocarbon ƙulli -one, da kuma batu na abin da aka makala na carbonyl kungiyar nuna a lamba, misali 2-propanone, 2-butanone. Amfani da aldehydes da ketones, saboda su jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

Aldehydes ne na kowa a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai. Mutane da yawa fragrances suna da alaka da wadannan abubuwa. Aldehydes da kaddarorin wadda ne bambance bambancen da kuma dogara a kan m da ke cikin kwayoyin. Lower Wakilin - formic aldehyde - gas, m - taya, daskararru ne mafi girma. Formaldehyde da acetaldehyde ne sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa, da solubility na sauran homologs rage-rage tare da kara kwayoyin nauyi. Formic da acetic aldehydes da pungent wari. Properties da kuma yin amfani da aldehydes saboda gaban a cikin kwayoyin da wani carbonyl kungiyar.

Biyu ƙananan membobin wannan homologue jerin a cikin "yin amfani da aldehydes" su ne mafi muhimmanci ga masana'antu darajar - shi ne formaldehyde da acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde aka samar a kan wani babban sikelin, game da miliyan 6. Ton / shekara. An yafi amfani a samar da resins. Tattalin ta polycondensation da urea , urea-formaldehyde guduro ake bukata domin yi na zare da barbashi allon, urea-formaldehyde kumfa, domin yin rigar ƙarfi takarda ko paperboard. Wani muhimmin amfani da aldehyde dangane da dauki formaldehyde da phenol polycondensation. A resultant na aiwatar phenol formaldehyde guduro (Bakelite) ne yarda da juna, da kayan, wanda yake a cikin bukatar a inji aikin injiniya, a yi na abrasive lantarki kayayyakin, a samar da lacquers da adhesives. Tattalin daga formaldehyde Pharmaceutical shirye-shirye (formaldehyde bayani da aka sani da formalin, da ake amfani a magani), roba roba, bama-bamai da kuma wasu kwayoyin abubuwa.

Acetaldehyde ya sau da rinjaye samfurin, amma samar da kundin sun sauka, yanzu shi nuna kasa da miliyan 1. Ton / shekara. A baya can, amfani da na gargajiya acetaldehyde ya kamar raw kayan for acetic acid. Wannan aikace-aikace acetaldehyde rage a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda acetic acid da aka samar da nagarta sosai daga methanol (Monsanto aiwatar da Cativa tsari). Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na sandaro dauki, acetaldehyde ne wani muhimmin albarkatun kasa domin pyridine Kalam na pentaerythritol da crotonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde bukatar samar da robobi (amfani resins shirya daga urea da acetaldehyde).

Sauran mambobin wannan homologue jerin ne ma a bukatar a kasuwa. Commercial amfani da aldehydes ne sau da yawa suna amfani da albarkatun kasa domin kira na oxo alcohols amfani a samar da ƙuna. Wasu mafi girma aldehydes ake samar a kananan yawa (kasa da 1000 ton / shekara) da kuma amfani da wani dandano sinadaran a turare. Wadannan sun hada da kirfa, kuma Kalam, da kuma citral lilial.