Abin da ya aikata sabon abu na radioactivity? Radioactivity: Becquerel ta samu. The sabon abu na radioactivity: kwarewa da Rutherford

A karshen 1895 a karon farko shi bayyana a latsa sa mamaki bayanai game da bude daga Conrad Roentgen na wani sabon nau'in radiation. Wadannan bim wanda masanin kimiyya da ake kira X-haskoki sauƙi wuce ta hanyar daban-daban kayan - itace, kwali, da kuma sauran abubuwa da cewa suna opaque ga hasken rana irin zane. A samu daga wadannan haskoki ne sosai m da kimiyya duniya. Kuma watakila shi ne domin wannan dalilin cewa duniya ba nan da nan ya lura da wani sauyi a kimiyyar lissafi - a 1896 Anri Bekkerel gano wani sabon abu, wato radioactivity.

Radioactivity. Opening na Becquerel

A nan gaba, domin su samu na Antoine Anri Bekkerel , tare da matan aurensu Curie sami Nobel Prize. Bayan duk, wadannan masana kimiyya, bisa ga Nobel kwamitin, ya bude da maras wata-wata radioactivity. A cikin matasa, Henry samu mafi kyau da ilimi da kuma aiki a matsayin mataimakin Aleksandra Bekkerelya, mahaifinsa. A farko kimiyya bazawa na Anri Bekkerelya damu nazarin surface zafin jiki na Duniya. A gano radioactivity Antuanom Bekkerelem faru yawa daga baya. Kafin wannan, wani masanin kimiyya tsunduma a gudanar da bincike na luminescence sabon abu haske rabuwa, da sha na haske lu'ulu'u. Karshe na yankunan kawo Becquerel digiri na uku a kimiyyar lissafi. Daga baya, Becquerel gano cewa, wani ɓangare na radiation ne wasu haskoki, wanda ta hanyar su yanayi ne sosai kama da X-ray. Ya samu cewa idan amfani a gwaje-gwajen da na uranium, da radiation ne mafi iko.

A tarihin na samu na radioactivity: cigaba da gudanar da bincike

Mariya Kyuri shi ma wani dalibi na Becquerel. Ta gano cewa sabon abu na radioactivity yana da wani abu - thorium. A wannan lokacin babu wanda ya sani, kamar yadda evidenced da sabon abu na radioactivity. A taron, membobin Faransa Academy of Sciences Becquerel ruwaito da m samu.

Ya gaya masana kimiyya da cewa wadanda haskoki cewa sun bude musu, iya spontaneously shiga wani surface. A dũkiyõyinsu, su ne kama da X-ray. Spontaneously, ba tare da wani aiki, wannan radiation zo daga wasu abubuwa. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa, shi ne halayyar abubuwa wanda abun da ke ciki hada da uranium. Kuma Becquerel kira irin wannan uranium radiation.

Abin da har yanzu ya nuna sabon abu na radioactivity?

A gano radioactivity shige kusan a cikin inuwar na bincike da sauran masana kimiyya. Amma to, waɗannan haskoki ake kira radiation. An gano cewa ba kawai yake iya uranium fitarda radiation wannan irin, a dukiya shared tare da sauran abubuwa. A gaskiya, wannan samu ya daya daga cikin landmark a kimiyyar lissafi, domin sabon abu na radioactivity, ya gano da Becquerel, da shawara cewa tsakiya zarra yana da fasali mai rikitarwa.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ga sabon abu da ya gano quite da hatsari, masanin kimiyya aka bayar da Lambar Yabo ta Duniya guda, wanda da Curies samu kan wani dogon Titanic aiki. Amma wadannan masana kimiyyar da aka bayar da daidaita kimantawa. Abin baƙin ciki saboda dukan mutane, da aiki da wannan irin na masana kimiyya ba ta zama a banza. A shekarar 1906, ya mutu Per Kyuri, kuma Becquerel tsira da shi ta hanyar kawai da shekaru biyu, da fatar saukar da shekaru 57 da shekaru.

A kimiyya juyin juya halin a kimiyyar lissafi

A batun, kamar yadda evidenced da sabon abu na radioactivity, ya kasance bude na dogon lokaci. A binciken da wannan tatsuniya aka ci gaba duniya-mashahuri chemists aure biyu - Mariey Sklodovskoy da Pierre Curie. Su bincika sabon sabon abu. Sunan "radioactivity" da aka kira su zuwa ga Mariey Kyuri-Sklodowska University.

Domin masana kimiyya da dama a sakamakon bincike da aka gaba daya ƙarancin cancantar da tsohon hoto na duniya. Bayan shi da aka yi imani da cewa zarra ne guda kuma basa barbashi kasancewarsa. Abin da ya aikata sabon abu na radioactivity, da gaske? Da farko, shi ya nuna da shirme kawai na ka'idar basa kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ra'ayi wanzu tun lokacin zamanin da Greek malamai. Lalle ne, da sunan "zarra" da aka fassara daga Girkanci matsayin "basa". Saboda haka radioactivity matsayin shaida na hadaddun atomic tsarin da zuciyar nuna cewa zarra yana da fasali mai rikitarwa. A lalata na sabon abubuwa shi allocates daban-daban iri radiation: alpha, beta da gamma radiation.

Rutherford ta sha'awa cikin matsalar na radioactivity

Daya daga cikin mafi girma da gudunmawar da ilmi na radioactivity aka gabatar da masana kimiyya Ernest Rutherford. An haife shi a 1871 a New Zealand noma iyali. A 1896, Rutherford ta samu zama da aka sani English masanin kimiyya. "A sabon abu na radioactivity, ya gano da Becquerel, ya nuna cewa zarra za a iya raba sassa," - wannan hakan ne don haka sha'awar a cikin matasa Rutherford, cewa tuni a 1899 wallafa farko aiki a kan uranium da kuma ta lantarki watsin. Wannan binciken ya farkon nazarin Rutherford nukiliya canje da kuma gano atomic tsakiya.

A binciken da na ciki na zarra

A 1911, Rutherford ne daya daga cikin ababuwa binciken da aka yi da cewa ya shahara a ko'ina cikin duniya. Masana kimiyya atomic tsakiya da aka gano. Rutherford ya yi zato cewa zarra iya ƙunsar gaskiya ma cajin tsakiya, da kuma shi ne kewaye da barbashi m cajin. Rutherford lasafta kiyasta sãɓã wa jũna barbashi wanda ya tashi da zarra. A sabon tsarin na kimiyyar da aka yarda da kimiyya al'umma ne m. Duk da haka, ta zama tushen zamani ka'idar atomic tsarin.

Amincewa ta karshe na Rutherford ta jarrabawa

The masanin kimiyya sosai karatu radioactivity matsayin wani jiki sabon abu. A sakamakon haka, ya bincika cikin hadaddun abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da uranium samu sosai karfi sha da haskoki. Su Rutherford ya kira alpha haskoki. Masana kimiyya sun kuma an bude kasa da soaking up haskoki, wanda ya kira da beta-haskoki.

A cikin rubuce-rubucen, masu bincike ci gaba da karatu a gaban gwajin a cikin ayyukansu na Curies sabon abu na radioactivity. Rutherford Experience ya nuna cewa atomic radioactivity ne sabon abu da yana tare da sinadaran gyare-gyare na abu. A wani bincike da aka gudanar a tare da haɗin gwiwar wani sunadarai Soddy, a 1903, Rutherford karshe ya tabbatar da jarrabawa. Ya tsara dokar rediyoaktif lalata, da kuma paints sarkar sunadarai halayen ga abubuwa kamar uranium, radium da thorium.

Menene kwarewa da Rutherford?

Scientist sa da kwarewa da watsawa na alpha barbashi. Su katako kamata ratsa bakin ciki Layer na zinariya tsare. Rutherford zaba zinariya ba tare da dalili: shi ne daidai wannan abu ya kasance sosai m, kuma saboda shi yiwuwa a samu wani Layer kauri daga ma daya zarra. A lokacin gwaji, Rutherford samu da wadannan lura. Wasu daga cikin alpha barbashi wuce ta tsare, kafa allon blur.

Wasu kuma suna kawai rubuta a kan gefen fuska. Previous masu bincike sun nuna cewa tabbatacce cajin cikin zarra, yafi located a cikin ta core, cikinsa da ginshikin ya kuma daban-daban kwayoyin halitta rabu babbar jinkiri. A sabon abu a cikin abin da sinadaran abu da ciwon wani gagarumin spontaneously arfin iya shiga ikon daga cikin barbashi aka kira sabon abu na halitta radioactivity. Yanzu shi ne da aka sani, kamar yadda evidenced da sabon abu na radioactivity. An gano cewa zarra ta tsakiya baiwa da ikon hargitse spontaneously.

Fission sarkar dauki

Rutherford kuma saukar da wasu alamu na rediyoaktif lalace. Alal misali, lokacin da rarraba nauyi nuclei, na iya faruwa tare da samuwar da dama free neutrons. Saboda haka za a iya shirya masanin kimiyya kira fission sarkar dauki. Lokacin da shi free neutrons propagate a wani matsakaici wanda ya ƙunshi nauyi abubuwa tsokane sabon neutrons. Idan wannan yanayi ne halin da wani babban abun ciki na neutrons, da tsari ne kamar wani ambaliyar ruwa. Lokacin da yawan neutrons ne kasa, sa'an nan da sarkar dauki hankali converges da sifili. A na'ura, cikinsa da makaman nukiliya dauki irin goyan bayan da ta wucin gadi wajen, da ake kira makaman nukiliya reactor.