Afghan War (short): haddasawa, Hakika na yaki, sakamakon, sakamakon. A takaice dai tarihi na Afghanistan yaki (1979-1989)

A karshe shekaru goma da aka alama ta Soviet yaki a Afghanistan (1979-1989). A hanya na yaki, a takaice, shi ne a yau aka fi sani ba kowane mazaunin na Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin shekaru 90 na garambawul da kuma tashin hankali rikicen tattalin arziki Afghanistan yakin da aka kusan tura daga cikin jama'a sani. Amma a yau, a lokacin da babban aiki na masana tarihi da masu bincike sun bace duk akida clichés, mai kyau damar da ma'ana dubi abubuwan da suka faru daga waɗanda shekara.

abubuwan da ake bukata

A Rasha da kuma tsohon Tarayyar Soviet Afghanistan yaki, a takaice, shi ne hade da wani goma-shekara lokacin (1979-1989 gg.), Lokacin da kasar ya samu halartar sojoji da Tarayyar Soviet. A gaskiya, shi ne kawai wani sashi na dogon yakin rikici. Preconditions domin ta bayyanar akwai a shekarar 1973, lokacin da Afghanistan daular mulkinsu da aka kifar. Yana zo ikon, short-rayu gwamnatin Mohammad Daoud. Ya daina wanzuwa a cikin shekarar 1978, lokacin da akwai Saur (Afrilu) juyin juya halin. Bayan ta farkon da zai yi mulkin ƙasar jam'iyyar PDP na Afghanistan (PDPA), wanda ya ayyana Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Afghanistan (DRA).

Kungiyar kasance mai akidar Karl Marx, cewa, ya danganta ta da Tarayyar Soviet. Hagu akidar wãyi gari marinjãya a cikin Afghanistan. Kamar yadda a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, akwai sun fara gina gurguzanci. Duk da haka, ta 1978 da kasar ta wanzu a karkashin gudana hargitsi. Biyu juyin, yakin basasa - duk wannan ya halakar da kwanciyar hankali a yankin.

Socialist gwamnatin saɓa wa daban-daban sojojin, amma da farko, kuma farkon - da kishin Islama. Sun dauke mambobi ne na PDPA makiyan Afghanistan mutane da kuma Musulunci. A gaskiya ma, cikin sabuwar siyasa gwamnatin da aka ayyana mai tsarki yaki (jihadi). Don magance da kafiri sojojin na Mujahideen aka halicce su. Yana yana tare da su, suka yi yaƙi da sojojin Soviet, wanda nan da nan ya fara Afghanistan yaki. A takaice Mujahideen nasara za a iya bayyana ta da kere bayar da shawarwari aiki a kasar. Islama tsẽgumi aiki da aka yuwuwa ta da cewa mafiya yawa daga cikin Afghanistan yawan (game da 90%) sun jahilci. A jihar waje na manyan birane mamaye tribal umarni da musamman patriarchal ra'ayinmu game da duniya. Addini a cikin al'umma, ba shakka, taka muhimmiyar rawa. Wadannan su ne dalilan da Afghanistan yaki. A takaice, su aka bayyana a cikin Semi-hukuma Soviet labaru kamar yadda arziki na kasa da kasa taimako ga m mutane daga cikin kasashen kasar.

Buƙatun PDPA Soviet shiga tsakani

Ba su da lokacin da za a zo da PDPA gwamnati a Kabul kamar yadda a wasu larduna na kasar ya fara da m fitina, ya ƙara rura wutar da Islamists. Afghan shugabannin fara rasa iko da halin da ake ciki. A cikin wadannan yanayi, a watan Maris na shekarar 1979, karo na farko shi ya nemi taimako zuwa Moscow. A nan gaba, irin saƙonnin da aka maimaita sau da yawa. Akidar Karl Marx jam'iyyar jira taimako, kewaye da nationalists da kuma masu kishin Islama, da aka fi ko'ina ba.

Tambayar da bayar da taimako ga Kabul, data "gwarazansa" da aka dauke a cikin Kremlin Maris 19, 1979. Sa'an nan Brezhnev tsayayya m baki. Duk da haka, kamar yadda lokaci ya wuce, da kuma halin da ake ciki a iyakar da Tarayyar Soviet da aka samun muni. A hankali, mambobi ne na Politburo da kuma sauran manyan jami'an gwamnatin functionaries sun canza zukatansu. Alal misali, ministan tsaron kasar Dmitri Ustinov yi imani da cewa Afghanistan yaki, a takaice, na iya haifar da hatsari ga Soviet kan iyakoki.

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1979, a kasar Afghanistan, wani juyin mulki. A wannan lokaci, canza shugabanci a cikin jam'iyyar, da PDPA. The shugaban jam'iyyar da kuma jihar zama Hafizullah Amin. KGB line a cikin Soviet politburo fara samun rahotanni cewa shi wani wakili na CIA. Wadannan rahotanni kara rarrashi Kremlin shiga tsakani sojoji. A daidai wannan lokaci da shirye-shiryen ga kifar da Amin. A ba da shawara na Yuri Andropov aka yanke shawarar canza shi da wani m Tarayyar Soviet Babrak Karmal. Wannan memba na PDPA shi ne na farko da muhimmanci mutum a kwamitin gwagwarmaya. A lokacin da jam'iyyar purges shi na farko aika wani jakadan Czechoslovakia sa'an nan ayyana wani m da conspirator. Karmal, wanda shi ne a wancan lokaci a cikin zaman gudun hijira da kuma sauran kasashen waje. A lokaci guda ya koma Tarayyar Soviet, zama wani adadi a kan wanda ya sa Soviet shugabanci.

Yanke shawarar tura dakaru

Disamba 12, 1979 ya bayyana cewa Tarayyar Soviet zai fara da kansa Afghanistan yaki. A takaice tattauna da latest sayayye cikin takardu a cikin Kremlin amince da aiki kifar Amin.

Hakika, da wuya kowa a cikin Moscow, sa'an nan ya gane yadda jinkirta wannan soja yaƙin neman zaɓe. Amma daga farkon sosai, yanke shawarar tura dakaru akwai adawar. A farko wuri, ban so in babban hafsan hafsoshin Nikolay Ogarkov. Na biyu, ya bai goyi bayan shawarar da Politburo Alexei Kosygin. Wannan matsayi shi ne wani ƙarin da muhimmanci dalilin da karshe hutu tare da Leonid Brezhnev da magoya bayansa.

Nan da nan shirye-shirye domin canja wuri na Soviet Army a Afghanistan ya fara da wadannan rana, 13 ga watan Disamba. Soviet na musamman da sabis kokarin kisa Hafizzulu Amin, amma farko ƙoƙari ya fito lumpy. Operation sun rataye a cikin balance. Duk da haka, shirye-shirye na ci gaba.

Sturm Palace Amina

A tura sojojin fara ranar Disamba 25th. Bayan kwana biyu Amin, yayin da a gidansa, ya ji da rashin lafiya kuma rasa sani. A wannan abu ya faru tare da wasu daga cikin retinue. Dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne guba, wanda ya shirya Soviet jamiái shirya mazaunin chefs. Amin samu magani, amma masu gadi lura da wani abu ba daidai ba ne.

A bakwai ƙarfe da yamma kusa da fadar Soviet subversive kungiyar mutu daga cikin motarsa, tsaya kusa da ƙyanƙyashe da ya kai ga rarraba batu na duk sadarwa a Kabul. Akwai aka amince saukar da nawa, da kuma 'yan mintoci kaɗan daga baya an fashewa. Kabul aka bar ba tare da wutar lantarki.

Haka abin ya fara yaki a Afghanistan (1979-1989). A takaice kimantawa da halin da ake ciki, kwamandan da aiki, Kanar Boyarintsev umurce su da su ci gaba da kai hari fadar Amin. The shugaban Afghanistan su koyi game da harin da ba a sani ba sojoji, ya hori kotu don neman taimako daga Tarayyar Soviet (ƙa'ida da hukumomi na kasashen biyu ya ci gaba da zama m ga juna). Lokacin da Amina aka sanar da cewa a cikin ƙofar garin Spetsnaz Tarayyar Soviet, ya ba su yi ĩmãni ba. Shi ba a san karkashin abin da hali da shugaban na PDPA aka kashe. Mafi yawa daga cikin shaidun daga baya da'awar cewa Amin kashe kansa kafin, a ya Apartment sun Soviet sojojin.

Ko ta wani hanya, amma aiki da aka samu nasarar da za'ayi. ba kawai a gidan sarauta da aka kama, amma dukan na Kabul. A cikin dare na Disamba 28 a babban birnin kasar zo Karmal, wanda aka ayyana da shugaban jihar. Soviet sojojin rasa mutane 20 (daga cikinsu akwai paratroopers da dakaru na musamman). Aka kashe da kuma shugaban hari Gregory Boyarintsev. A shekarar 1980 an sa a cajin posthumously zuwa ga daraja da Hero na Tarayyar Soviet.

Chronology da rikici

Bisa ga yanayin da fadace-fadace da kuma dabarun manufofin, a takaice dai tarihi na Afghanistan yaki (1979-1989) za a iya raba hudu lokaci. A cikin hunturu na 1979-1980. Sai da na ɗauki Soviet mamayewa na kasar. A servicemen aka aiko zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin sojoji da muhimmanci kayayyakin ayyukan.

Na biyu lokaci (1980-1985) ya fi aiki. A yãƙi ya faru a kusa da kasar. Sun kasance sũ ne m, a yanayi. Mujahideen halaka, da kuma inganta da sojojin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Afghanistan.

The uku lokaci (1985-1987) ne halin da ake gudanar da Soviet iska da kuma manyan bindigogi. Events ta amfani da sojojin ƙasa da za'ayi kasa da kasa, har sai da ta ƙarshe bace.

Fourth lokaci (1987-1989) shi ne na karshe. Soviet sojojin da aka shirya domin ƙarshe. A wannan yanayin, da yakin basasa a cikin kasar ci gaba. Islamists aka taba gaba daya kadawa. A karbo aka lalacewa ta hanyar tattalin arziki da rikicin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma canji a cikin manufofin.

ci gaba yaki

Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ya kawai ya gabatar da dakarunta a kasar Afghanistan, kasar shugabannin bayyana su yanke shawara da cewa shi ne kawai taimaka, bisa ga yawa buƙatun na Afghanistan gwamnati. A kan dugadugansa, na karshen shekarar 1979 da aka gudanar da kwamitin sulhu na MDD. An gabatar da anti-Soviet ƙuduri, ta shirya da United States. The daftarin aiki da aka ba da goyan.

A Amurka gefe, ko da yake babu ainihin rarraba a cikin rikici, rayayye a] en da Mujahideen. Islamists sun yi wani makami saya a kasashen yamma. Saboda haka, a gaskiya sanyi adawa tsakanin biyu siyasa tsarin ya samu wani sabon gaban, wanda ya Afghanistan yaki. The yaki a takaice hasken a duk duniya ta kafofin watsa labarai.

CIA ta shirya a kasar Pakistan wasu horo da kuma sansanonin horas da mayaka cewa horar da Afghanistan Mujahideen (spooks). A Islamists, a Bugu da kari to US kudade, samu kudi ta hanyar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi. A cikin 80s, wannan kasa ya zama shugaban duniya a samar da tabar heroin da opium. Sau da yawa manufar Soviet ayyukan ne daidai da lalata wadannan wurare.

A dalilai na Afghanistan War (1979-1989), a takaice, da aka aika zuwa hamayya da babbar taro na yawan jama'ar, ya taba ɗaukar makamai. Daukar ma'aikata a cikin sahu dushmans jagoranci wani m cibiyar sadarwa na jamiái a fadin kasar. Mujahideen amfani shi ne rashin wani musamman cibiyar. Cikin dukanin makamai rikici, shi ne totality na da yawa bambancin kungiyoyin. Sarrafa su warlords, amma babu wani "shugaban" ya ba daga gare su.

Low yadda ya dace da yaƙin ayyukan cikakken nuna Afghanistan War (1979-1989). Takaita sakamakon da yawa Soviet hare-haren da aka ambata a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Mutane da yawa hare-hare rusa ta tasiri bayar da shawarwari maƙiyi daga cikin gida yawan. Ga masu rinjaye na Afghanistan (musamman a cikin zurfin larduna patriarchal) Soviet sojojin sun kasance kullum mamaye. Babu juyayi ga gurguzu akidar commoners dandana.

"Policy na kasa sulhu"

aiwatar da "manufofin na kasa sulhu" ya fara a shekarar 1987. A ta plenum na PDPA ƙi kenkenewa a kan mulki. Akwai wata dokar da yarda abokan adawar su iko su haifar da nasu jam'iyyar. A kasar na da wani sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma sabon shugaban kasar Muhammed Nadzhibulla. Duk wadannan matakan da ake dauka domin dakatar da yaki ta hanyar jayayya da asasshe.

A lokaci guda, da Soviet jagoranci karkashin jagorancin Mikhail Gorbachev, ya dauki wani hanya don rage nasu makamai, wanda nufi da janye sojoji daga kasashen kasar. Afghan War (1979-1989), a takaice, ba za a iya da za'ayi a cikin mahallin da tattalin arziki da rikicin da ya fara a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Bugu da kari, har ma a karshe numfashi ya Cold War. A Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka sun fara yarda a tsakãninsu da shiga da yawa takardu a kan kwance damarar yaki da kuma lõkacin fatara daga Ɗaukaka daga cikin rikici tsakanin biyu siyasa tsarin.

Soviet janyewar

A karo na farko, Mikhail Gorbachev ya sanar da game karbo daga Soviet sojojin a watan Disamba 1987, yayin da a wani ziyarar aiki a kasar Amurka. Da ewa ba bayan, da Soviet, American kuma Afghanistan tawaga zuwa kan teburin shawarwari a birnin Geneva, Switzerland. Afrilu 14, 1988 kan aikinsu shirin takardun da aka sanya hannu. Kamar wancan ne aka kawo karshen tarihin Afghanistan yaki. A takaice muna iya cewa bisa ga Geneva yarjejeniyar, da Soviet shugabanci ya yi alkawarin janye sojojinta, da kuma Amurka - dakatar da kudade abokan adawar na PDPA.

Da rabi na soja contingent da Tarayyar Soviet bar kasar a watan Agusta shekarar 1988. Summer muhimmanci ƙungiyoyin sojoji suka ragu a Kandahar, Gradeze, Faizabad, Kundduze da kuma sauran birane da garuruwa. A karshe Soviet sojojin da suka bar Afghanistan Fabrairu 15, 1989, ya zama Laftanar Janar Boris Gromov. A dukan duniya samu fim na yaki wuce, kuma ya matsa da Friendship Bridge ko'ina cikin iyakar kogin Amu Darya.

asara

Mutane da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Soviet kwaminis shekaru an hõre daya mai gefe kima. Yana yana daga cikin su, da kuma tarihi na Afghanistan yaki. A takaice bayyana bushe rahotanni a jaridu da talabijin tattaunawa game da cigabar nasara da sojoji-internationalists. Duk da haka, har farkon perestroika da glasnost ad ikon siyasa da Tarayyar Soviet kokarin Hush up da gaskiya sikelin da su babu makawa hasãra. Tutiya makarar da kuma talakawa conscripts koma Tarayyar Soviet semisecret. Soja binne ba tare da talla, da kuma Monuments na dogon lokaci babu ambaci wuri da kuma kisa. A mutane bayyana barga image "Cargo 200".

13,835 mutane - kawai a 1989 a cikin jaridar "Pravda" hakikanin hasara Figures aka buga. By ƙarshen XX karni, wannan adadi ya kai dubu 15, kamar yadda da yawa da sojojin suka mutuwa riga a gida domin shekaru da dama saboda raunin da rashin lafiya samu. Waɗannan su ne real sakamakon da Afghanistan yaki. A takaice ambata game da asarar da, da Soviet gwamnati kawai reinforces da rikici tare da jama'a. By karshen 80s da bukatar janye sojoji daga cikin kasashen kasar ya zama daya daga cikin manyan taken na perestroika. Ko da a baya (a karkashin Brezhnev) domin wannan sun adawa. Alal misali, a 1980, sanannen Academician Andrei Sakharov domin zargi da "bayani da Afghanistan matsala" da aka aiko zuwa gudun hijira a Gorky.

sakamakon

Mene ne sakamakon da Afghanistan yaki? A takaice, da Soviet baki tsawanta da rayuwa na PDPA daidai da zamani domin wanda kasar sun sojojin na Tarayyar Soviet. Bayan da suka sha wahala daga azabar fitarwa yanayin. Mujahidin ƙungiyõyin da sauri kõma nasu iko a kan Afghanistan. Islamists bayyana ko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kan iyakoki. Soviet kan iyaka masu gadi ya jimre da hare-haren da makiya bayan da sojojin bar kasar.

A halin wannan tarihi ya kasance karye. A watan Afrilu 1992, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Afghanistan karshe an shafe ta da Islamists. cikakken hargitsi ya fara a kasar. Ta raba yawa kungiyoyin. War of duk da duk akwai aka ci gaba har sai da mamayewa na NATO da sojojin a farkon na XXI karni. A shekaru 90 a kasar akwai motsi "Taliban", wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan sojojin na zamani a duniya ta'addanci.

A cikin taro sani na post-daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci alamu na 80s da shi shi ne Afghan yaki. A takaice ga makaranta game da shi a yau ya shaida wa a cikin littattafan tarihi na 9th da 11th sa. War of batun da yawa ayyukan art - songs, fina-finai, da kuma littattafan. Ƙimar na ta da sakamakon bambanta, ko da yake a karshen Tarayyar Soviet da yawan da yawan, bisa ga ra'ayoyin jama'a, bayar da shawarar da janyewar da kuma karewa daga m yaki.