Andes: tsawo daga cikin cikakkar tsarawa da kuma tsororuwar. Details daga duwãtsu.

Andes, da tsawo daga wanda kawai ban mamaki, iya kiranta daya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya tamu. Wadannan duwãtsu kẽwayesu duk gabar yammacin kudancin Amurka, kuma a Bugu da kari, masu qarfi halitta shãmaki raba da babban yankin da kuma tekun Pacific. Mene ne cikakkar tsawo daga cikin mafi girman aya daga cikin Andes? Kuma abin da shi ne na musamman da wannan dutsen tsarin?

batun

Mutane da yawa geographers la'akari ɓangare na Andes Cordillera dutsen tsarin da ta lullube tare da gabar yammacin Arewa da Kudancin Amirka da kuma yana da jimillar tsawon na 18 000 kilomita. Saboda haka, su ma ya kira kudancin Cordillera. The abu ne cewa, wannan dutse range ne a fili na kowa asalin. An yi imani da cewa shi ya samo asali, a lõkacin da sassa biyu na America fara motsawa zuwa gabas.

Sauran masana kimiyya da ake kira Cordillera duwãtsu ne kawai a Arewa Hemisphere. Andes tsaye daga matsayin mai zaman kanta tsarin. Su muhawara da su ne bisa gaskiya cewa Cordilleras kuma daban-daban ƙasa, kuma a matsayin sama da teku matakin. Saboda haka, tsororuwar da Andes - wani dutsen Aconcagua (6962 mita). Cordillera kamar yadda irin wannan Manuniya ba zai iya gadara: Mount McKinley, located in Alaska, yakan har zuwa 6194 mita. Kuma idan muka yarda da na farko ra'ayi, yayin da Aconcagua, ba McKinley kamata a yi la'akari a matsayin tsororuwar Cordillera.

Amma idan muka yi magana game da Andes, su tsawo ne a wani hali bai sauya ba ta yi. A saman Aconcagua lẽƙãwa a duk Western Hemisphere. Ƙwanƙwasa da cewa talakawan tsawo daga duwãtsu (Andes) YAKE 4000 m, kuma sun mika a tsawon zuwa 9000 km, kuma a kalla nisa (!) - har zuwa 750 km. Ko daga sarari gani da irin wannan babbar taro na dutse tare da snow-bugawa kololuwa. Daga cikin abubuwan, da Andes da kuma ko mafi girma dutsen Duniya tsarin.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

An yi imani da cewa Andes fara fito fili a cikin Paleozoic da Precambrian zamanin, kuma a karshe kafa a lokacin da Jurassic lokaci. Masana kimiyya theorize cewa a farko ya bayyana daga teku da yankunan ƙasar, wadda daga ƙarshe ta tafi a karkashin ruwa a sake, kuma shi ne maimaita lokaci zuwa lokaci.

A sakamakon haka, a kan nahiyar shelves na marine sediments tara yadudduka da dama kilomita lokacin farin ciki. Ga dubban shekaru, suna yi taurare, juya cikin wani dutse tafki. Bugu da ari, ya gagare su a karkashin matsin zahiri a cikin nau'i na babbar folds. Duk wannan aka tare da raurawar asa da volcanic eruptions. Kammala dukan tsari na kafa wani taimako general kiwon dukan tsarin.

matasa dutsen

Anda dauke tsayi nadawa (tectogenetic zamanin a cikin Cainozoic). Sanadiyar haka ne, duk da ya haihuwa (ya aka yaba da miliyan 60 years), su suna dauke matasa duwãtsu. Da takwarorinsu - Himalayas, da Pamirs, da Caucasus, da Alps. Saboda haka, a cikin Andes, da yawa seismically m zones, da kuma wasu volcanoes - aiki ne. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da duwãtsu ba tukuna kammala su aiwatar da samuwar kuma girma har yanzu. Average gudun - 10 cm a kowace shekara.

A sakamakon da motsi ta duniya ɓawon burodi a cikin Andes sau da yawa faruwa da raurawar asa, da kuma volcanoes glaciers kafana. Abin baƙin ciki, tsanani hatsarori da faruwa a cikin Andes a wani gangami komawa - sau daya a cikin shekaru 10-15. Ba haka ba da dadewa (a 2010), da duniya da aka girgiza da wata girgizar kasa a Chile, daga wanda miliyoyin mutane sun sha wahala.

A tsawo daga cikin dangi da kuma cikakkar: Mene ne bambanci

Da yake jawabi game da tsawo na Andes, shi ne wajibi ne don bayyana abin da tsawo ne daban-daban daga dangi. A farko - shi ne da nisa daga teku matakin zuwa tsororuwar da abu. A na biyu da aka lasafta daga gindin dutsen zuwa saman. Ba sai an fada ba tare da cewa da dangi darajar zai ko da yaushe ta kasance ƙasa da cikakkar.

Wannan mulki da aka tabbatar da Andes. Aconcagua tsawo daga teku matakin ne 6962 mita, da kuma daga kasa - 6138 mita, cewa shi ne 824 mita kasa da cikakken. Wannan, ba zato ba tsammani, shi ne na bayar da muhimmanci ga masu hawa, saboda ainihin nesa da cewa sun yi nasara guda zumunta sharuddan. Amma alheri, dangane da yanayi matsa lamba da kuma low zazzabi, riga kayyade cikakkar tsawo. Gogaggen masu hawa ba zai yi watsi da wadanda lambobi.

A tsawo dangi da Amazon yankin Andes

Idan giciye-bangaranci look at ta Kudu Amurka, da topography na ta surface ne sosai peculiar. A nan akwai manyan isa mawadãta tsakanin m da kuma iyakar dabi'u.

Amazon Shefela - mafi girma a duniya, shi ya mamaye wani yanki na 5 murabba'in kilomita miliyan .. Its talakawan tsawo ne kasa da mita 200 saman teku matakin. Amma akwai wani bangare, musamman a kusa da Atlantic Coast da kuma a tsakiyar nahiyar, wanda tashi babu fiye da mita 100. Kuma m ne 10 mita saman teku matakin. A surface yakan kamar yadda ya fuskanci yammacin ɓangare na nahiyar. Matsakaicin Performance - 150-250 mita.

To, abin da yake da tsawo daga cikin Andes Amazon yankin tare da girmamawa? Idan muka yi la'akari kawai bambanci na matsakaicin tsayi, ta riga m drop daga 200 zuwa 4000 mita - da kuma shi ke nan saboda game da 5000 kilomita fadi.

Ganin iyakar yaduwar altitudes an samu, da farfajiya Yunƙurin daga mita 10 zuwa game da kilomita 7. Wannan zai iya ba amma zai shafi sauyin yanayi da kuma yanayi matsa lamba zone, amma more on cewa a kasa.

Andes: tsawo da kuma tsarawa daga tsororuwar

Aconcagua aka located in Argentina. A etymology na sunan da aka ba daidai aka sani, watakila ya zo ne daga cikin kalmomin da "The Law kaguak" cewa da harshen Quechua nufin "dutse tsaro".

Navigator zai taimake samun zuwa gindin Aconcagua, sa'an nan ya yi nasara da ganiya na Andes dutsen tsarin. A cikakkar tsawo daga cikin mafi girman aya da kuma tsarawa kaddamarda har zuwa mita da kuma minti daya: kokuwa ya ta'allaka ne a 6962 mita saman teku matakin da shi ne a 32 ° 39'S. w. 70 ° 00 'W. d.

Babban kololuwa

Andes iya fariya 13th shestitysyachnikov. Ga jerin su:

1. Akonkagua (6962 m).
2. Ojos del Salado (6893 m). Shi ne mafi girma da aman wuta a duniya. An located a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin Argentina da kuma Chile.
3. Pisis (6795 m). Located a cikin mafi picturesque ɓangare na Andes. A unguwar da shi da kyau tabkuna da kuma glaciers.
4. Bonete (6759 m). Dake kusa da National Park Laguna Brava.
5. Suna Três Kruzes (6749 m). Wannan ne ma da aman wuta, wanda yana da uku kololuwa. Kusa ne National Park da wannan sunan.
6. Huascaran (6746 m). A mafi dutse a Peru.
7. Lulayllako (6739 m). Wannan shi ne mafi girma a duniya, inda ragowar wani tsoho wayewa gano. Archaeologists sun samu akwai uku Inca mummies.
8. Mercedario (6700 m). Wannan gleiser ne babbar, wanda kai da yawa daga cikin asalin dutsen koguna.
9. Walter Penk (6658 m). Wannan aman wuta ne mai suna bayan ta bincike daga Jamus suka yi aiki a nan, a ƙarshen 19th karni.
10. Incahuasi (6638 m). Wannan dutsen da aka a wurin bauta ga Incas.
11. Ierupayya (6617 m). Fassara sunan sauti kamar "White Dawn" ne mai yiwuwa saboda madawwamiyar snow rufe saman.
12. Tupungato (6570 m). Located a kan iyakar Chile da kuma Argentina, a 80 kilomita daga Aconcagua.
13. Sayyama (6542 m). Wannan shi ne tsororuwar Bolivia.

Labaran

Tun lokacin da aka bayyana a dutsen tsarin da aka ma miƙa a tsawon, akwai uku na asali wuri mai faɗi da zones: Arewa, kudanci da kuma tsakiyar Andes.

A farko daya kunshi uku iri-iri: Caribbean (located in Venezuela), Northwest (Colombia - Venezuela) da kuma Ecuadorian (wanda kuma ake kira mazauna) Andes. Sha'awa, wadannan duwatsu sauke kashe a cikin tẽku - kamar tsibirin na Bonaire, Aruba da Curacao su ne a gaskiya da kololuwa cewa ba tukuna tashi daga zurfin. Wannan bangare na Andes sarkar ne daga cikin mafi girman volcanoes a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna aiki.

Idan muka magana game da tsakiyar landscaped yankin da kuma a can, amma ainihin babban bangare, yana yiwuwa ya ware karin da kuma Peru Andes. A nan ne mafi girma babban birnin kasar na duniya - a birnin La Paz (Bolivia), gina a tsawon 3700 m.

Da nisa daga cikin Andes a wannan bangare ya kai a kalla yi na 750 km. A babban yanki na Pune bautar wani tudu, da talakawan tsawo na wanda dabam daga 3.7 zuwa 4 kilomita. Har ila yau, shi ne a cikin Tsakiya Andes ne na biyu ganiya bayan Aconcagua - Ojos del Salado. Quite 'yan nan kuma shestitysyachnikov. Su duk da daya ban sha'awa alama - sosai high snow line (fara daga 6500 m). Domin wannan ɓangare na halayyar mai tsayi tabkuna, cikin shahararrun daga gare su - Titicaca, Allaha a tsawon 3821 m.

Duk da cewa wannan shi ne inda a can ne sanannen saman, da dukan Kudancin Mountains yankin muhimmanci kasa da cibiyar. A tsawo a mita na Andes a nan shi ne a fili a kan ƙi. Haka kuma, da snow da dama da kuma line (a fari cover ƙarya, kuma kololuwa jere daga 1500 m). Lokacin da ruwa a cikin teku, da suka yi a kan wani daban-daban bayyanar: canza kama zuwa archipelagos da kuma tsibiran. M tsawo Andes Mountains Tierra duniya, wanda kuma an rufe jeri ne muhimmanci ƙananan (har zuwa 2500 m).

sauyin yanayi

A arewacin duwãtsu ne subequatorial da Equatorial sauyin yanayi zone. Domin na farko da halin da sãɓãwar rigar da bushe yanayi. A gabashin gangara richly moisturized, yayin da West ne mafi bushe sauyin yanayi. A Caribbean, da Andes, kusan wurare masu zafi iska. Shekara-shekara hazo ne kadan. Kuma yanzu Ecuadorian Andes ne mafi barga tare da girmamawa ga zazzabi: akwai mashi ma'aunin zafi da sanyio m da ke a duk shekara zagaye. Wadannan mazauna ji dadin Quito, babban birnin kasar na Ecuador. Wannan yanki ne sosai hydrated.

A Tsakiya Andes, da sauyin yanayi sosai matsananci saboda babban drop of danshi Manuniya a kan yammacin da kuma gabashin gangara daga duwãtsu. A nan ne Atacama - sarrafa giza hamada a duniya, inda ta shekara-shekara da ruwan sama ne ba fiye da 50 mm daga ruwan sama.

Kudancin Andes karya a cikin subtropical zone, wanda smoothly wuce a cikin wani temperate yanayin zone. Saboda tsananin iska da hazo a nan ya kai 6000 mm. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda a kudu Coast ta ruwa kusan kwanaki 200 a shekara.

Hawa da Aconcagua

Aconcagua tsaye na biyu a cikin jerin Bakwai summits. Yana bãyar da ita kawai Everest. A farko nasara na kololuwa na Andes an dauki Zhurbiggen Matthias, wanda za'ayi da Yunƙurin a 1897.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kololuwa, hawa Aconcagua aka dauke su a zahiri da sauki, musamman a gefen arewa. Ba kamar da ci na Everest, da oxygen tankuna ba dole ba ne ya yi nasara da Andes - da tsawo ne kasa da 2000m.

records

Duk da yiwuwar kwatsam hadari, a kowace shekara game da 5,000 daredevils kokarin samun zuwa saman da ya zama a kan tsororuwar dukan Western Hemisphere. Riga saita records.

Alal misali, ya fi sauri daga (5 hours 45 minutes) ya za'ayi a shekara ta 1991. A fili, a 'yan shekarun sha'awa a cikin Andean ya karu sake tun kafa da dama records, tare da kusan daya bayan daya. Saboda haka, a shekarar 2013, 9-shekara American dalibi Tyler Armstrong suka zama manya wakilin karfi jima'i, sãmi ĩko taron na Aconcagua. A 12-shekara Romanian Geta Popescu ya ba da cancantar amsa a watan Fabrairu 2016.

A lokaci guda wani dan Spain Fernanda Maciel dauki farko wuri a cikin jerin daga cikin gaggawa cikakken (top - saukarsa - saman) hawa, yi da shi domin 14 hours da minti 20. A irin wannan rikodin na namiji Yunƙurin da aka rubuta a shekarar da ta shige. Matsakaicin tsawo duwãtsu (Andes) bada Karl Egloff mai hawan duwatsu wanda ya nemi shawara ga 11 hours 52 minutes.

Har ila yau abin mamaki shi ne wani al'amari: a nesa na 4400 mita saman teku matakin ne mafi ma'adanar a duniya. An located a tushe sansanin Plaza de Mulas. Akwai nuna ayyukan zamani Argentine artist Miguel Doura. A fili, masu hawa dama tabbace.

Ancient wayewa a cikin Andes

An yi imani da cewa mutane sun ƙware da duwatsu ƙasa ko 4000 shekaru da suka wuce, a kalla kamar yadda Dates baya ga farko archaeological tono. Eh, da yawa wasanin gwada ilimi ne fraught tare da Andes! Su tsawo, a fili, ba tsoro na Incas, wanda ya gina wata wayewa a nan.

Musamman kamar mamaki ga masu bincike ne archaeological hadaddun na Sacsayhuaman (3700 m), wanda shi ne sansanin soja na babbar hewn duwatsu yin la'akari har zuwa 200 tons. A dan kadan m (3,500 m) ne daɗaɗɗe farm Morai dakin gwaje-gwaje inda Inca m gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da shuke-shuke.

Andes da gaske za a iya kira da wata taska daga cikin duniya, domin su suna adana a matsayin dukiyar shimfidar wurare, breathtaking, da asirai na zamanin d adam tarihi.