Indian Ocean: teku zurfin. A kasa na tekun Indiya. Da yawan zafin jiki da kuma taimako na tekun Indiya

Duniya tamu marmari a kowane hanya: wata babbar iri-iri na ciyayi, da gaya arziki na namun daji, da kuma wani m yawa na cikin ruwa rayuwa. Duk da wannan, kuma mafi yana kunshe ne a cikin kyakkyawan ƙasar.

Lalle ne, kowa ya san cewa a wannan duniyar tamu akwai hudu m teku. Dukansu suna da girma a cikin nasu hanyar. Pacific, ga misali, mafi girma, ta Atlantic - m Arctic - sanyi da kuma India - warmest. A nan ne na karshe za mu nutsu mu labarin.

Shin ka san cewa Indian Ocean ne na uku mafi girma? Its yanki ne da bã mafi kuma kasa da 76,17 miliyan km, wanda shi ne 20% daga cikin dukan duniya. To, abin da suke asĩri a cikin, m gwarzo na mu Stores? Za mu fahimci daga baya.

Janar bayani a kan location

A arewa, a cikin tẽku wanke m Asia, a gabas - yawon buxe ido Australia, a yamma - rãnã Afirka, kuma a kudu - da m Antarctica. 30 ^na Meridian arewa latitud ne tsororuwar a tekun Indiya. An ayi a Persian Gulf. 20 ^{a kan} gabas longitude Meridian siffofin da kan iyaka da tekun Atlantic da Pacific - ^{game da} 55 146 daga cikin wannan longitude. A tsawon tekun Indiya - 100,000 km.

A 'yan kalmomi game da tarihin

Wasu wurare na zamanin d wayewar aka located daidai a kan gaba na mu gwarzo. Masu bincike jayayya da cewa daya daga cikin na farko kewayawa aka gane a kan ruwan tekun Indiya, game da 6 da dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce. Aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki Larabawa matuƙan teku hanya. A farko Gwargwadon bayanai bayyana a cikin 90s na 15th karni, a lokacin rayuwa da Vasco de Gama, na farko a cikin tarihin ta rinjãya a hanya daga Turai zuwa India. Shi ya gaya game da m beauties na ruwa, wanda ya ba da tekun Indiya.

teku zurfin aka auna a karon farko duniya-sanannen navigator James Cook, ya shahara akan tafiya, a duniya da kuma da yawa binciken a fagen labarin kasa. Bincika cikin teku a duk mutunta, ya fara a cikin XIX karni, daya daga cikin mambobi daga cikin shahararrun British expeditions kwarin kunya m expanses daga cikin shahararrun jirgin "Challenger".

Wanne kasar da aka wanke ta tekun Indiya?

Wannan giant wanke babbar dama jihohi, tare da biyu ɓangaren duniya da tsibirin.

Continental kasashe na tekun Indiya:

- India;

- Australia.

- Thailand.

- Saudi Arabia.

- Iran.

- Iraq;

- Indonesia.

- Misira;

- Somalia.

- Kenya.

- Afirka ta Kudu.

- Pakistan.

- United Arab Emirates.

- Myanmar.

- Malaysia.

- Mozambique.

- Bangladesh.

- Oman.

Indian Ocean tsibirin kasa:

- Mauritius.

- Maldives.

- Sri Lanka.

- Madagascar.

- Seychelles.

Ga irin wannan sararin tekun Indiya.

A zurfin teku

Indian Ocean yana a cikin abun da ke ciki na biyar tekuna. Sun samar da zurfin da yanki na mu gwarzo. Saboda haka, misali, Balarabe Sea ne daya daga cikin mafi zurfi a cikin tekun Indiya. A gagarumin batu ne tsakiyar teku ridges, a cibiyar, inda Rift Valley ne located. Zurfin sama shi ne ba balle a kasa, da kuma 3600 m. A mafi zurfi ma'ana na Indian Ocean ne dake kusa da tsibirin Java a Sunda mahara, kuma shi ne 7455 m. Bambanta da tekun Pacific, shi ne bai isa ba, saboda ta matsakaicin zurfin 11.022 m. ( Mariana tare mahara).

Indian Ocean Climate

Mafi yawa daga cikin teku ne a cikin wurare masu zafi, da Equatorial kuma subequatorial zones, kawai kudu ta yankin da aka located a cikin high latitudes.

Climate malale ne yanayi iskõki, da kuma a arewacin teku. A wannan yanki akwai biyu yanayi: dumi, m winters da zafi, ruwa, m, m lokacin bazaar. Wajen kudu runduna da kudu maso gabashin cinikin iskõki. A temperate latitudes, kullum ne Marinjãyi a karfi westerly iska. Matsakaicin hazo ya auku a cikin Equatorial zone (game da 3000 mm kowace shekara). Mafi qarancin - da tekun Bahar Maliya, Arabian Gulf.

gwargwado

Matsakaicin dabi'u na gwargwado na surface ruwan tekun Indiya - a cikin Bahar Maliya da kuma Persian Gulf (41%). Shi ne kuma wani fairly high kudi na gwargwado lura a cikin ƙasa kudu da yammacin sahara a gabashin ɓangare. Kamar yadda muka matsa zuwa gāɓar Bengal na ragewa muhimmanci - har zuwa 34%.

Yana dogara sun fi mayar a kan kara, gwargwado kudi na hazo da kuma evaporation.

Mafi qarancin yi halayyar da Antarctic ruwaye. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, irin wannan factor a cikin wannan yanki rinjayar da narkewa glaciers.

da zazzabi

Indian Ocean zafin jiki a kan ruwa surface ne ^{game da} 29 C. Wannan shi ne mafi girma da kudi. Kadan lura a Afirka Coast, inda ya ta'allaka cikin Somali - + 22-23 ^C. A ekweita, da farfajiya ruwa zazzabi Averages + 26-28 ^C. Idan tafi kudu, ya kai gare shi -1 ^{° C} (a Antarctica gaba).

Ta bayar da zazzabi canji da aka sanya da kuma icebergs cewa a rare lokuta da ƙasa iyo kudancin latitudes.

Kamar yadda za a iya gani, da talakawan zafin jiki na tekun Indiya a matsayin dukan ne high, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa mu gwarzo kuma bayar da sunan "warmest teku a duniya."

bays

Indian Ocean yana da 19 bays (3 na su kasance a cikin Bahar Maliya):

1. Gulf na Aden. Shi ne na isa muhimmancin a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Ana amfani da su safarar iskar gas da kuma man fetur a Turai. Bay an haɗa zuwa Bab-el-Mandeb mashigar da Red Sea. Yana da wani ɓangare daga cikin Arabian Sea. A tsawon shi ne 890 sq km. A cikin 'yan shekaru, da yankin Gulf of Aden, da lokuta da ɗan fashin teku sace.
2. Great Australian Bight. Tsawon - 1335 dubu murabba'in kilomita .. Zurfin - 5670 km. Bay lullube daga Western Cape zuwa Cape, located in Tasmania.
3. Carpentaria. Zurfin -. 69 m The bay nasa ne da Arafura Sea. Yana juts zuwa ƙasar 600 km.
4. Shark. Located 650 km daga birnin Perth. Duk da bays na tekun Indiya suna da nasu tarihi da kuma halaye, Shark - kadai daya daga irinsa Heritage. A kowace shekara, da na halitta kyakkyawa janyo hankalin 120,000 baƙi a shekara.
5. Spencer. Yana located in Kudu Australia. Its tsawon - 322 km, nisa - 129 km. Wanke York Larabawa da kuma Eyre.
6. Van Diemen. Ya mai suna discoverer Abel Tasman a cikin girmamawa ga Gwamna-Janar Anthony van Diemen. Bay Area ne 14.000 sq. km.
7. Manza. Located a kan tekun na Tanzania, 16 km daga garin Tanga.
8. Gulf of Cambay. Shin wani muhimmin kasuwanci cibiyar, ta haɗu da cinikayya hanyoyi na tekun Indiya zuwa India. A tsawon shi ne 130 km.
9. Gulf of Oman. Haɗu da Persian Gulf zuwa Balarabe Sea. Its tsawon - 45 km, nisa - 330 km, zurfin - 3695 km.
10. Zhosef Bonaparte. Mai suna a cikin girmamawa ga Babbansu wa na Napoleon. tare da wani yanki na 26780 murabba'in kilomita. A wannan bay suna da yawa oilfield.
11. Maputo. Its tsawon - 112 km, zurfin - 16 m, nisa - 40 km. A wannan bay ne da suka ci gaba kiwon kifi, musamman jatan lande kama kifi.
12. Saint Vincent. Daya daga cikin mafi girma a bays a kudancin Australia.
13. Persian Gulf. Rich a arzikin man fetur. Shi ne mafi muhimmanci geopolitical mahaluži. Area - 233.000 square kilomita, zurfin - 75 m, nisa - 320 km, da tsawon - 925 km.
14. Tajura. Wanke Djibouti da kuma Somalia. A shirin na NI Ashinova kauyen da aka gina a kan karkararta a karkashin sunan "New Moscow".
15. Phang nga. Shi ne mai rare yawon bude ido. Area - 400 sq. km.
16. Gulf of Martaban. Wanke gaba na Myanmar. Tsawon - 150 km dogon - 220 km, zurfin - 20 m.
17. Gulf of Mannar. A arziki Flora da fauna a tekun Indiya. Home zuwa kan 3,500 jinsunan kifaye. Suka ci gaba pearling. National Park da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa na Gulf, daga baya ya ayyana biosphere ajiye.

A bays na Red Sea na tekun Indiya

1. Aqaba. A cikin 'yan shekaru da makõma ya samu muhimmancin. Tsawon - 175 km, nisa - 29 km. West Bank nasa ne Misira, East - Saudi Arabia, Arewa - Jordan da kuma Isra'ila.
2. Makadi. Yana janyo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa da ta ban mamaki murjani rairayin bakin teku. Shin wani bay miƙa for 30 km tare da bakin tekun na Red Sea.
3. Gulf na Suez. Asian Sinaiysky raba da sashin daga Afirka. Tsawon - 290 km, nisa - 55 km.

taimako

The taimako na tekun Indiya ne halin da zurfin da kunya kira India tsakiyar kunya. Yana lullube tare gabar yammacin na India. A talakawan zurfin na sama da shi ne 3.5 km tafi. A wasu wurare da shi ne rage kuma shi ne kamar 2.4 km. Bayan wannan kunya raba. A farko reshe da ke wajen gabas, kuma ya kai da yankin tekun Pacific, kusan taba Antarctica, kuma ƙare a kudu maso gabas Indian Ridge, da zurfin wanda - 3.5 km.

Wani reshe ke Antarctica da kudu da kuma ƙare da kunya kira Kargelen-Gausberg, da ƙaramar zurfin sama wanda - 0.5 km, matsakaicin - 2.3 km.

Jamhuriyar Indian Ocean kunya raba zuwa biyu daban-daban-sized sassa: gabashin da kuma yammacin. Located a kan ƙasa na gabashin Indo-Australia da ta Kudu Australian Basin, zurfin wanda dabam daga 500 zuwa 7455 m. A arewa-maso-gabashin ɓangare na Indo-Australian Basin ne mafi zurfi ciki, wanda yana cikin tekun Indiya. A zurfin teku, mafi daidai, ta tsororuwar, an dake kusa da tsibirin Java (7455 m).

A kasa na tekun Indiya a yammacin ɓangare na da sauƙi ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga gabas, shi ne mafi rikitarwa a tsarin. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa karshen sau da yawa ɗauke da wani gagarumin karuwa a cikin kasa (a kudi na cewa a mafi yawan lokuta samar kananan size na tsibirin) da kuma m tsari na daruna.

Don arewacin tsibirin Madagascar aka located tasa kira da Somali, da zurfin abin da yake 5.2 km. Don kudu da tsibirin ne mai tudu, sunan Crozet, kewaye a kan dukkan bangarorin da daruna. Zurfin kan shi ne 2.5 km tafi. Idan ka matsa zuwa arewa maso gabas, a can ne Tsakiya Indian Basin. Zurfin kan shi ne 5.5 km tafi. Tsakanin Madagascar da kuma Crozet Islands, kadan da arewa, shi ne wani ciki kira Madagascar tare da zurfin 5,78 km. Don kudu - tasa na zuwa Cape Agulhas, zurfin wanda - 5.5 km. Relief Indian Ocean zuwa Antarctic halin da tsallake na kasa. A zurfin na yankin ya kai 5.8 km.

Biota

Nature Indian Ocean bambancin da ban sha'awa sosai. Yana gida dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke da aka saba na yau da kullum fari da ambaliyar ruwa.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin wurare masu zafi da bakin tekun Indian Ocean gabatar mangrove ko Rhizophora (mangoro). Dabbobi a kan ƙasa da sanaki yawa jinsunan crabs. Kifi kira mudskipper kawaici a kusan dukan mangrove yankin na tekun Indiya.

A m ruwan wurare masu zafi da murjãni saba da rayuwa a kan su kifi da yawa kwaro.

A temperate zones girma launin ruwan kasa, blue-kore da kuma ja algae, mafi yawansu ba su kasance kelp da fucus mikrotsistisy. Daga cikin phytoplankton aka mamaye diatoms, kuma a wurare masu zafi yankunan - peridinians.

Mafi shahara crayfish, wanda shi ne mafi m a tekun Indiya, suna copepods. Yanzu akwai fiye da 20,000 jinsunan. A na biyu wuri tsakanin dabbobi da suke zaune a cikin teku, akwai jellyfish da squid. Daga cikin kifi da aka sani tuna, sailfish, tashi kifi, dorado da haske anchovies.

Zaba yankin na teku da kuma m nau'in. Sharks, crocodiles da macizai masu zafin dafi a kai a kai sa tsõro a cikin yan unguwa.

Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa a tekun Indiya aka mamaye dabbobin ruwa, Whales, dugongs kuma like. Birds - penguins, albatrosses da jirgin ruwa mai filafilai tsuntsaye.

waha

Waha Indian Ocean ne quite bambancin. Wannan ya hada da Afirka na gudãna - da Zambezi da Limpopo. babbar Asian kõguna - da Irrawaddy, Salween. Yufiretis, Tiger, wanda ci tare da juna kamar sama da mahaɗar tsakãninsu da Gulf. Indus empties a cikin Arabian Sea.

Fishing da saltwater kama kifi

Tattalin arziki da ayyukan da jihar bakin teku yawan aka tsunduma cikin wani dogon lokaci. Don wannan rana, kama kifi da kuma abincin teku ne na bayar da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin na kasashen da dama, wanda aka wanke ta tekun Indiya. A zurfin teku na samar da wani arziki kyautai ga mutane, misali, a Sri Lanka, a arewa maso yammacin Australia da kuma Bahrain Islands ke m samar da nacre da lu'u-lu'u.

Kusa da Antarctica mutane suna tsunduma cikin whaling, da kuma kusa da ekweita ne da za'ayi tuna kama kifi.

A Gulf, located m kafofin of man fetur, tare da biyu jihar bakin teku ƙasa, kuma a karkashin ruwa.

Matsalolin muhalli na tekun Indiya

Human aiki ya kai ga m sakamakon. Ocean ruwa ne da yawa najasa, wanda a hankali ya kai ga nau'i nau'i na wasu jinsunan marine rayuwa. Alal misali, da dama jinsunan Whale a cikin marigayi 20th karni kasance a karkashin barazana da nau'i nau'i. Ƙwarai rage yawan sei da maniyyi Whales.

A cikin 80s na karni na 20th da Hukumar on Whaling da aka gabatar a total ban a kan farauta su. Take hakkin da moratorium tsananin azãba ba bisa ga doka. Amma a shekarar 2010, a karkashin tasirin da kasashe irin su Japan, Denmark, Iceland, da ban, da rashin alheri, shi da aka soke.

Babban hatsari ga marine rayuwa ne gurbatawa na teku ruwa mai, duk wani nau'i na sharar nukiliya da kuma nauyi karafa. Har ila yau, a fadin teku ne hanya mai motocin dakon da cewa kawo man fetur daga Persian Gulf zuwa Turai. Idan kwatsam hatsari ya faru a kan wannan kai, shi zai kai ga dangi na karkashin ruwa mazaunan.

Koyi labarin kasa na da ban sha'awa, musamman a lokacin da ta je kyakkyawa da marine mazaunan. A mafi cikakken nazarin tekun Indiya 7 aji na wani m makaranta. Yara da farincikin saurari duk abin da malamin ya ce game da wannan kyau da kuma m giant, wanda aka jiha tare da bambancin da ciyayi da kuma arziki fauna.