Andre Geim, wani likita na zamani masanin kimiyya: biography, kimiyya nasarori, awards da kyaututtuka

Sir Andre Geim - Member na Royal Society, Jami'ar Manchester da kuma Birtaniya-Dutch likita, an haife shi a Rasha. Tare da Konstantin Novoselov a 2010 ya aka bayar da Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi ga aikinsa ranar Graphene. A halin yanzu ya ke Regius Farfesa kuma Darektan Cibiyar Nanotechnology da mezonauki Manchester University.

Andre Geim: biography

An haife shi a wani iyali na 21.10.58 Konstantin Geim da Nina Nikolayevna Bayer. Uwãyensa sun kasance Soviet injiniyoyi na Jamus asalin. A cewar Heim, da kaka tsohuwarsa Yahudawa, da kuma ya sha wahala daga anti-Semitism, saboda sunansa sauti Yahudawa. Geim da wani ɗan'uwa Vladislav. A shekarar 1965 da iyalinsa ya koma birnin Nalchik, inda ya tafi makaranta, kwarewa a harshen Turanci. Bayan kammala karatu tare da karrama, ya sau biyu kokarin shigar da Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, amma ba soma. Sa'an nan ya ba da takardun zuwa ga MIPT, kuma wannan lokacin ya ya iya yi. A cewar shi, da dalibai karatu da wuya - da matsa lamba da aka karfi da cewa sau da yawa mutane rurrushe kuma bar makaranta, da kuma wasu ƙare har da ciki, schizophrenia da kuma kashe kansa.

ilimi aiki

Andre Geim samu ya diploma a 1982, da kuma a shekara ta 1987, ya zama wani PhD a Physics na Metals Institute of m jihar Physics a Chernogolovka. Bisa ga masanin kimiyya, yayin da ya ba ya so ya tafiyar da wannan shugabanci, fifita su na farko barbashi kimiyyar lissafi da kuma astrophysics, amma a yau ya ya yarda da su zabi.

Geim yi aiki kamar yadda wani bincike da aboki a Cibiyar Microelectronics Technologies a Sciences, kuma tun 1990 - Jami'ar Nottingham (sau biyu), Bath da kuma Copenhagen. A cewar shi, a} asashen waje ya iya tafiyar da a gudanar da bincike, kuma ba a magance da siyasa, sabili da haka ya yanke shawarar barin Tarayyar Soviet.

Jobs a Netherlands

Da farko cikakken lokaci matsayi Andre Geim lashe a shekarar 1994, lokacin da ya zama wani mataimakin farfesa Jami'ar Nijmegen, inda ya mayar da hankali a kan mesoscopic jejjerawa. Daga baya da ya samu Dutch dan kasa. Daya daga cikin digiri na biyu dalibai da aka Konstantin Novoselov, wanda ya zama babban kimiyya da abokin tarayya. Duk da haka, bisa ga Geim, ya ilimi aiki a Netherlands ya da nisa daga cloudless. Ya aka miƙa a professorship a Nijmegen da Eindhoven, amma ya ƙi saboda ya sami Dutch ilimi tsarin ne ma matsayi da kuma kisa na tausayin siyasa, shi ne quite kama da Birtaniya, inda kowane ma'aikaci ne daidai. A cikin Nobel lacca Game daga baya ya ce cewa wannan halin da ake ciki ya bit surreal, saboda waje jami'ar da ya samu karbuwa da maraba a ko'ina, har da mai duba, da kuma sauran masana kimiyya.

Motsi da Birtaniya

A 2001, Game zama farfesa kimiyyar lissafi a jami'ar Manchester, kuma a 2002 aka nada Daraktan na Manchester Center mezonauki da nanotechnology da kuma Farfesa Lenguorti. Wife da kuma dogon lokaci-co-marubucin Irina Grigorieva ma koma Manchester matsayin malami. Daga baya suka hadu ne da Konstantin Novoselov. Tun 2007, Game ya zama wani babban jami'in 'yan'uwanmu a Council of Engineering da jiki Sciences Research. A 2010, Jami'ar Nijmegen nada shi farfesa m kayan da nanoscience.

bincike

Geim iya samun sauki hanya don ware daya Layer na graphite kwayoyin halitta, da aka sani da Graphene, a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Manchester kuma IMT. A watan Oktoba 2004, da kungiyar ta buga da sakamakon a mujallar Science.

Graphene kunshi carbon Layer, wanda kwayoyin halitta shirya a wani biyu-girma heksagon. Shi ne thinnest littattafai na duniya, da kuma ma daya daga cikin mafi m da kuma m. A abu akwai mutane da yawa m aikace-aikace, da kuma shi ne mai kyau madadin zuwa silicon. A cewar Heim, daya daga cikin na farko-aikace na Graphene iya zama da ci gaban m touch fuska. Ya ba Patent wani sabon abu, saboda yin haka zai bukatar wani takamaiman filin na aikace-aikace da kuma wani abokin tarayya a cikin masana'antar.

The likita da aka tasowa biomimetic m, wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin gecko tef saboda stickiness na gecko wata gabar jiki. Wadannan nazarin har yanzu suna a wani wuri mataki, amma shi ya ba da bege cewa a nan gaba mutane za su iya hawa zuwa sama, sa'an kamar Spiderman.

A 1997, Geim la'akari da yiwu effects na magnetism a kan ruwa, wanda ya kai ga sanannen bude kai tsaye diamagnetic levitation na ruwa, wanda shi ne mashahuri domin ta zanga-zanga levitating a rana. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan jejjerawa da mesoscopic kimiyyar lissafi da hannu.

Game da zabi daga batutuwa na bincike mai Geim ya ce ya raina da m, a lokacin da da yawa zabi wani batu da ya PhD sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, sa'an nan ci gaba da wannan batu kafin ritaya. Kafin ya samu ta farko da cikakken lokaci matsayi, ya canja ya magana sau biyar, kuma da shi ya taimake shi da yawa na koyo.

A shekarar 2001, ya Co-wallafa kira ya fi so hamster Tisha.

Tarihi na samu na Graphene

Daya kaka yamma a 2002 Andre Geim tunani game da carbon. Ya qware a wani microscopically bakin ciki kayan da mamakin yadda da yafi kowanne yadudduka da kayan iya nuna hali a karkashin wani gwaji yanayi. Graphite, kunsha na wani monovalent fina-finai, ya kasance bayyananne dan takarar da bincike, amma da misali da hanyoyin da kadaici da ultrathin samfurori za a overheated da kuma halakar da shi. Saboda haka Heim umurci daya daga cikin sabon digiri na biyu a Jiang kokarin samun haka bakin ciki samfurin, kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda zai yiwu, a kalla da dama da ɗari atomic yadudduka, polishing graphite crystal size of daya inch. A 'yan makonni, Jiang ya kawo carbon hatsi a Petri tasa. Bayan nazari da shi a karkashin wani microscope Heim ya tambaye shi ya sake gwadawa. Jiang ya bayyana cewa, wannan shi ne duk da cewa ke bar na ƙarau. A wani lokaci a lokacin da Game raha tsawata masa da cewa digiri na biyu dalibi sharewa dutsen don samun wani hatsi da yashi, daya daga cikin manyan abokan aiki gan a cikin shara lumps amfani da salatif, m gefen wanda aka rufe da wani m, dan kadan m film na graphite sharan.

A dakunan gwaje-gwaje, a duniya, masu bincike suna amfani da tef don gwada m Properties na gwaji samfurori. Da yadudduka na carbon, graphite aka gyara, daure weakly (s g. 1564 kaya da ake amfani a pencils, kamar yadda shi ya fita a bayyane alama a kan takarda) don haka da cewa tef raba sauƙi flake. Game sa wani yanki na bututu tef karkashin madubin da kuma gano cewa, da kauri daga cikin graphite ya kasa fiye da daya da ya gani ya zuwa yanzu. Nadawa, compressing da severing da tef, ya ya iya cimma ko da thinner yadudduka.

Geim kasance na farko da ya ware biyu-girma material: carbon monatomic Layer cewa a karkashin atomic microscope ne a jirgin sama na raga hexagons kamã da saƙar zuma. Irfanin lissafin kimiyya da abu kira Graphene, amma ba su riga cewa shi za a iya samu a dakin da zazzabi. Su yi tunani da kayan disintegrates cikin microscopic bukukuwa. Maimakon Heym gan Graphene zauna a daya jirgin, wanda aka dimpled kamar yadda tabbatar da dorewar wakili.

Graphene: dangantakar Properties

Andre Geim soja kurum marar da taimako na digiri na biyu dalibi Konstantin Novoselov, kuma suka shiga sunã goma sha huɗu sa'o'i a rana don koyi da sabon kaya. Kamar yadda suka gudanar da wani jerin gwaje-gwajen, a lokacin da mai daukan hankali Properties daga cikin kayan da aka samu cikin shekaru biyu. Saboda ta musamman tsarin, electrons ba tare da shan wahala sakamakon wasu yadudduka, iya matsar da yardar kaina ta hanyar da raga da kuma musamman m. A watsin na Graphene ne dubu sau fiye da tagulla. A farko wahayi ga Heym kallo aka furta "filin sakamako", wanda bayyana kanta a gaban wani lantarki filin, wanda damar don sarrafa watsin. Wannan sakamako ne daya daga cikin fassara halaye na silicon amfani da kwamfuta kwakwalwan kwamfuta. Wannan ya nuna cewa Graphene iya zama maye, wanda kwamfuta masana'antun nemi shekaru masu yawa.

A hanya zuwa fitarwa

Geim da Konstantin Novoselov sun rubuta wata uku-page takarda kwatanta su binciken. Ta sau biyu, sun ƙaryata Nature, daya marubucin sharhi suka ce cewa kadaici da barga biyu-girma abu ne da ba zai yiwu, da kuma sauran ba su gan shi "isasshen kimiyya ci gaba." Amma a watan Oktoba 2004, wani rubutu mai suna "The sakamako na lantarki filin a cikin carbon zarra-m fina-finan" da aka buga a mujallar Science, ya sanya mai girma ra'ayi a kan masana kimiyya - a gaban su almarar zama gaskiya.

ambaliyar ruwa da binciken

Gwaje-gwaje, a duniya, sun fara nazarin yin amfani da m tef m game, da kuma masana kimiyya sun gano wasu kaddarorin Graphene. Ko da yake shi da thinnest littattafai na duniya, shi ne 150 sau karfi fiye da karfe. Graphene tabbatar da tausasa kamar roba, da kuma za a iya miƙa har zuwa 120% na tsawon. Ta hanyar bincike Filippa Kima, bi da masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Columbia, an gano cewa wannan abu ne mafi electrically conductive fiye da baya shigar. Kim Graphene sanya a cikin wani injin, inda babu wani abu ba rage gudu da motsi subatomic barbashi da kuma ya nuna cewa yana da "motsi" - da kudi a da wutar lantarki ya wuce ta semiconductor - 250 sau fi da cewa da silicon.

fasahar tseren

A 2010, shekaru shida bayan da aka gano cewa sanya Andre Geim da Konstantin Novoselov Nobel Prize tukuna aka bayar. Sa'an nan kafofin watsa labarai kira Graphene "mu'ujiza abu", wani abu da "iya canza duniya." Kusata da ilimi masu bincike a fannonin kimiyyar lissafi, lantarki injiniya, magani, sunadarai da sauransu. Bayar patents na yin amfani da Graphene a batura, m nuni, desalination tsarin, m hasken rana-powered, matsananci-sauri microcomputers.

Masana kimiyya a kasar Sin, Mun halitta da lightest abu a duniya - Graphene-airgel. Shi ne 7 sau wuta fiye iska - abu da cubic mita weighs 160 g Graphene-airgel aka samar da daskare-bushewa da gel dauke da Graphene da nanotubes.

The University of Manchester, inda suka yi aiki Geim da Novoselov, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta zuba jarin 60 da dala miliyan don ƙirƙirar a kan ta da asali da National Institute of Graphene, wanda zai ba da damar da kasar zama a kan daidai da duniya ta saman patent-kambun - Korea, kasar Sin da Amurka, wanda ya fara tseren ga halittar farko duniya ta neman sauyi kayayyakin bisa sabon abu.

Daraja

Gwaji da Magnetic levitation na live frogs kawo ba quite sakamakon cewa zata Maykl Berri da kuma Andre Geim. IG Nobel Prize aka bayar a kansu, a 2000

A 2006, Geim lashe Scientific American magazine 50.

A shekarar 2007, Cibiyar Lissafi dora masa kyauta kuma ya samu lambar na Mott. Sa'an nan Heim an zabe Fellow na Royal Society.

Game da Novoselov raba kyautar 2008 shekara, "Evrofizika" "domin ganewa da kuma warewa daga monohydric carbon Layer da definition na ƙwarai lantarki Properties." A shekarar 2009, ya samu lambar yabo Kerber.

Wani bonus Andreya Geyma, mai suna Dzhona Karti, wanda ya aka bayar da Amurka National Academy of Sciences a 2010, da aka bai "domin gwaji ganin da gudanar da bincike na Graphene, a biyu-girma nau'i na carbon."

Har ila yau a shekarar 2010 ya samu daya daga shida girmamawa Farfesa na Royal Society da kuma Hughes mindar "domin neman sauyi gano Graphene kuma m ta ƙwarai Properties." Game da aka bayar da digirorin girmamawa daga Delft University of Technology, Institute of Technology Zurich, Jami'ar Antwerp da Manchester.

A 2010, ya zama wani Knight na Order na Dutch Lion domin taimako ga Dutch kimiyya. A shekarar 2012, ga ayyuka ga kimiyya Game ya aka sanya a jarumi turuzu. Ya kuma an zabe a waje memba na Academy of Sciences na Amurka a watan Mayu 2012

ta Nobel

Geim da Novoselov ga gawurtaccen binciken na Graphene aka bayar da 2010 Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi, da ya ji game da kyautar, Geim ya ce ya ba su sa ran don samun shi wannan shekara, kuma ba za su canja su nan gaba da tsare-tsaren a wannan batun. A zamani likita fatan cewa Graphene da sauran biyu-girma lu'ulu'u zai canza rayuwar yau da kullum na mutãne, a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya yi da roba. Wannan lambar yabo da sanya shi mutum na farko wanda ya samu kyautar da IG Nobel Prize a lokaci guda. A lacca da aka gudanar a kan Disamba 8, 2010 a Jami'ar Stockholm.