ATP tsarin da nazarin halittu rawa. ATP ayyuka

Kowane cell a jikin mu dauki wuri miliyoyin biochemical halayen. Suna catalyzed by da dama enzymes, wanda sau da yawa bukatar makamashi. Ina cell yana daukan? Wannan tambaya za a iya amsa ta la'akari da tsarin da kwayoyin na ATP - manyan tushen samar da makamashi.

ATP - duniya tushen samar da makamashi

ATP tsaye ga adenosine, ko adenosine triphosphate. The abu ne daya daga cikin biyu mafi muhimmanci kafofin samar da makamashi a kowace cell. A tsarin da nazarin halittu rawar da ATP ne a hankali related. Mai biochemical halayen zai iya faru ne kawai tare da sa hannu na kwayoyin na abu, musamman a cikin roba metabolism. Duk da haka, ATP yana da wuya kai tsaye da hannu a dauki ga abin da ya faru na duk wani tsari na bukatar makamashi, shi ne encased a cikin sinadaran shaidu na ATP.

A tsarin da kwayoyin da abu irin wannan cewa sakamakon alaka tsakanin phosphate kungiyoyin kai wata babbar adadin kuzari. Saboda haka, irin wannan sadarwar kuma ake kira high-makamashi ko makroenergeticheskimi (Macro = yawa manyan yawan). Term makamashi shaidu a karon farko gabatar da wani masanin kimiyya F. Lipman, kuma shi ne samarwa don amfani to designate su ̴ icon.

Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga cell don kula da akai matakin na ATP. Wannan shi ne musamman halayyar tsoka Kwayoyin da jijiya zaruruwa, saboda su ne mafi maras tabbas, kuma don cika ta ayyuka bukatar wani babban abun ciki na adenosine triphosphate.

A tsarin da kwayoyin na ATP

ATP kunshi uku abubuwa: ribose da adenine sharan na phosphoric acid.

Ribose - carbohydrate, wanda yana nufin wani pentose kungiyar. Wannan yana nufin cewa abun da ke ciki na ribose 5 carbon atoms wanda suke kunshe a cikin zagayowar. Ribose an haɗa da adenine β-N-glycosidic bond to na farko carbon zarra. Har ila yau, ya koma zuwa ga pentose sharan na phosphoric acid a 5th carbon zarra.

Adenine - a nitrogenous tushe. Dangane da abin da irin asali nitrogen a haɗe zuwa ribose, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare GTP (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) da kuma UTP (uridine triphosphate). Duk wadannan abubuwa suna kama a tsarin to adenosine triphosphate kuma yi kamar guda aiki, amma an same su a cikin cell da aka yawa ƙasa da na kowa.

Sharan na phosphoric acid. Don kara ribose iya shiga uku sharan na phosphoric acid. Idan biyu daga gare su ko daya kawai, bi da bi, wani abu da ake kira ADP (diphosphate) da kuma HAU (monophosphate). An kammala tsakanin phosphorus sharan makroenergeticheskie connection, wanda aka saki a gare katsewa na daga 40 zuwa 60 KJ da makamashi. Idan biyu shaidu sun karye, tsaye 80, akalla - 120 KJ da makamashi. A hutu sadarwa tsakanin ribose moiety da phosphorus da aka saki kawai 13.8 KJ, don haka ne kawai biyu triphosphate kwayoyin macroergic connection (P ̴ ̴ F P), da kuma a cikin kwayoyin na ADP - daya (P ̴ P).

Ga abin da suke da halaye na ATP tsarin. Saboda gaskiya cewa tsakanin phosphoric acid sharan kafa makroenergeticheskaya bond tsarin da ATP ayyuka nasaba.

A tsarin da nazarin halittu rawar da ATP kwayoyin. Ƙarin fasali na adenosine triphosphate

Bayan samar da makamashi, ATP iya yi da yawa wasu ayyuka a cikin cell. Tare da sauran nucleotide triphosphate triphosphate da hannu a cikin shiri na nucleic acid. A wannan yanayin, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP da UTP ne samar da nitrogenous sansanonin. Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani a cikin matakai na DNA kwafi da kwafi.

ATP ne ma wajibi ne ga ion tashoshi. Alal misali, Na-K tashar farashinsa sodium 3 kwayoyin daga Kwayoyin da Pump potassium 2 kwayoyin a cikin wani cell. Wannan ion halin yanzu ake bukata domin tabbatar da kyau cajin a kan m surface na membrane, da amfani da ATP tashar iya aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka ya shafi cikin proton da alli tashoshi.

ATP ne precursor na sakandare manzanni Camp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - Camp ba kawai watsa wata sigina samu jikin tantanin rabe, amma kuma shi ne wani allosteric effector. Allosteric effectors - ne abubuwa da bugun up ko rage gudu da enzymatic halayen. Saboda haka, cyclic adenosine damuarn da enzyme cewa catalyzes da tsakiyan nonon na lactose cikin sel wani kwayoyin.

ATP kwayoyin kanta kuma iya zama wani allosteric effector. Haka kuma, a cikin irin matakai antagonist ATP ADP abubuwa a matsayin idan triphosphate accelerates da dauki, sa'an nan damuarn diphosphate, da kuma mataimakin versa. Wadannan su ne ayyuka da kuma tsarin da ATP.

Kamar yadda ATP kafa a cikin cell

Aiki da tsarin ATP ne irin wannan cewa kwayoyin da abu ana amfani da sauri da kuma hallaka. Saboda haka triphosphate kira - shi ne wani muhimmin tsari na samar da makamashi samuwar a cikin cell.

Akwai uku mafi muhimmanci hanya domin kira na adenosine triphosphate:

1. The substrate phosphorylation.

2. oxidative phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Substrate phosphorylation dogara ne a kan mahara halayen da ke faruwa a cikin cell cytoplasm. Wadannan halayen ake kira glycolysis - anaerobic mataki na aerobic numfasawa. A sakamakon haka, daya sake zagayowar na glycolysis daga 1 glucose kwayoyin da aka hada ta biyu kwayoyin na pyruvic acid suna kara amfani, don samar da makamashi, da kuma biyu hada ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ Ya ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Oxidative phosphorylation. cell numfasawa

Oxidative phosphorylation - shi ne samuwar ATP ta canja wuri da electrons a electron kai sarkar na membrane. A sakamakon irin canja wuri na proton dan tudu da aka kafa a gefe daya daga cikin membrane da kuma yin amfani da wani sa na gina jiki na game ATP synthase ne gina kwayoyin. A tsari faruwa a mitochondrial membrane.

Da jerin matakai na glycolysis da oxidative phosphorylation a mitochondria ne janar aiwatar kira numfashi. Bayan da cikakken sake zagayowar daga 1 kwayoyin na glucose a cikin cell 36 da aka kafa na ATP kwayoyin.

photophosphorylation

Phosphorylation tsari - wannan shi ne guda oxidative phosphorylation da daya kawai bambancin: da phosphorylation halayen faruwa a chloroplast Kwayoyin a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske. ATP samar a lokacin photosynthesis haske mataki - ainihin aiwatar da samun da makamashi daga shuke-shuke kore, algae da wasu kwayoyin.

A kan aiwatar da photosynthesis ga wannan electron-kai sarkar izinin electrons, sakamakon wani proton dan tudu. A taro na protons a gefe daya daga cikin membrane ne tushen ATP kira. Taruwa, kwayoyin ɗauke da enzyme ATP synthase.

Ban sha'awa facts game da ATP

- The talakawan cell ƙunshi 0,04% na jimlar taro na adenosine triphosphate. Duk da haka, mafi muhimmanci da aka lura a tsoka Kwayoyin: 0.2-0.5%.

- A cikin cell, game da biliyan 1 kwayoyin na ATP.

- Kowane kwayoyin ba rayuwa fiye da 1 minti daya.

- Daya ATP kwayoyin da aka sabunta kullum 2000-3000 sau.

- A Naira Miliyan Xari, da rana na jikin mutum synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, kuma a kowane lokaci da stock na ATP ne 250 g

ƙarshe

ATP tsarin da nazarin halittu rawar da ta kwayoyin suna a hankali alaka. The abu taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, saboda a cikin makamashi bond tsakanin phosphate sharan dauke da wata babbar adadin kuzari. ATP aikin da yawa ayyuka a cikin cell, sabili da haka, yana da muhimmanci don kula da akai taro na abu. Fashewa da kuma kira suna faruwa a high gudun, watau. Don. A makamashi dangantakar an kullum amfani da biochemical halayen. Yana da wani makawa sashi na wani cell a cikin jiki. A nan, watakila, duk da cewa za a iya ce game da abin da tsarin ne ATP.