Basic Physiology hanyoyin. Subject da Physiology na matsalar

San fasali na aiki na jiki, kowane bangare na shi, da tsarin, don su iya gano da kuma hango ko hasashen canje-canje da cuta - wata babbar kalubale ga kiwon lafiya kwararru. Akwai kimiyya da cewa hulda da nazarin kamar irin wannan tambayoyi. Shi ne ake kira Physiology. Yana da wani kimiyya da matakai da bi al'ada aiki na jiki. A batun shi ne lokaci mai tsawo, Hippocrates farko ya nuna sha'awa cikin aiki na rai tsarin. Yau, akwai da dama hanyoyin for nazarin Physiology cewa taimake cikakken fahimta wadannan ko wasu sunadaran da kuma halaye na da kwayoyin.

A janar ra'ayi na Physiology

Dole ne mu fara da janar ra'ayi. Physiology - da kimiyya da muhimmanci aiki da halitta mai rai, da dangantaka da na waje muhalli da yanayi, da tasiri a kan jihar kiwon lafiya da kuma al'ada aiki na gabobin da kuma tsarin. A general, babban ra'ayin na wannan kimiyya - don gane muhimmi sunadaran da halitta mai rai, mu fahimci yadda ya kamunkai, da kuma duk sauran matakai.

Physiology ne batu na kwayoyin halittar, domin shi ne don haka zai yiwu a gano duk jama'ar da ke sha'awar a cikin dokokin da tsarin da kuma aiki. horo manufofin za a iya gano a cikin definition fili.

Saboda haka, batu, manufofin da hanyoyin da Physiology - da uku aka gyara na msar tambayar tushe na kimiyya. Masana kimiyya da dama da a kowane lokaci kokarin gane ainihin a cikin jiki, ciki har da wani mutum, canje-canje. Duk da haka, shi ne gaba ɗaya yiwu cewa shi ne kawai tare da sabuwar dabara na zamani na'urorin da kuma kayan aiki, wato, da cikakken ci gaban kimiyya da aka kawai farko da XX karni.

Wannan ba zai hana ta zama a daya daga cikin shugabanni a cikin kimiyya. Physiology, Anatomy da kuma magani - uku a hankali juna tarbiyya waxanda suke da kafuwar ga juna. Saboda haka, da hanyoyin tiyata da kuma Physiology a wasu lokuta masu kama.

Physiology Forums

By kanta, wannan kimiyya tana da wasu alaƙa tarbiyya. Saboda haka, ware Physiology:

• overall.
• kamanta.
• sirrinka.

Total an nazarin rayuwar matakai a general. Wannan shi ne, idan akai la'akari da regularities na halayen da suke cikin manifestations na rayuwa. Alal misali, abinci mai gina jiki, numfasawa, tukar tumbi, tsari, canji daga barci da kuma wakefulness, da sauransu. Yana kuma ya hada da wani sashe, cell Physiology, wanda ke hulda da wani cikakken binciken duk da m manifestations.

Comparative Physiology kwantanta da rayuwa tafiyar matakai na wannan ko jinsuna daban na kwayoyin a kan aiwatar da ontogenesis. A sakamakon haka, kamar yadda da shi Forms dukan reshe - juyin Physiology.

Private kulla tare da kunkuntar takamaiman bincike. Saboda haka, akwai da dama zažužžukan domin tarbiyya kunshe a wannan kungiya.

1. mutum Physiology, wadda ke nazarin hanyoyin za mu tattauna daga baya.
2. Physiology na mutum kungiyoyin na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta (kwari, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da sauransu).
3. Mutane daya-daya da kuma gabobin kyallen takarda.
4. Systems na jiki (Physiology na narkewa, wurare dabam dabam, numfasawa, da dai sauransu).

Musamman m ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekaru samu wani mutum nazari cikin sharuddan da kimiyya. Bayan duk, jikinsa ne mafi hadaddun tsarin. Hanyoyin da mutum Physiology ne quite bambance bambancen da kuma tasiri, don gano duk wajibi ne ga fahimtar jigon abubuwa. rarrabe:

• Age Physiology.
• ikon;
• aiki.
• wasanni.
• sarari;
• pathological.
• asibiti.

Tara bayanai na wadannan tarbiyya taimake su rungumi m duk matakai faruwa a cikin mutum da kuma samun damar yin amfani da management.

Research Hanyar a Physiology

Wanda akwai da dama. Akwai tarihi cewa an yi amfani da zamanin da. Yau kafa da kuma sabon, dangane da sabuwar kimiyya nasarori a fannin lantarki, da binciken na electromagnetic radiation.

Akwai da wadannan hanyoyin da Physiology.

1. Extirpation - daya daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyi yi karatu. Ya unshi kau da wani sashin jiki a wani rai da kara kallo na dauki na jiki da kuma kam sakamakon.
2. Fitsari Hanyar. Its akai - a cikin gabatarwar a cikin jikinsu da ciwon rami shambura na karfe ko roba da kuma ta haka kayyade na nazarin halittu ruwaye. Samu bayanai a kan sinadaran da yanayin da canji na abubuwa, watau bincika secretory aiki na jiki.
3. Catheterization Hanyar - gabatarwar wani bakin ciki tube cikin gabobin da kwanoni na musamman da kwayoyi da sa canje-canje a cikin aiki. Saboda haka muka yi nazarin aikin da zuciya, jini, gland na ciki da kuma na waje mugunya (ba duka).
4. Denervation Hanyar. Ana amfani da gudanar da bincike da dangantaka tsakanin jijiyoyi da aiki jikinsu. A saboda wannan dalili, da hanyar da ruri da m kam sakamakon.
5. Hanyar na nazarin Physiology, dangane da yin amfani da kayan aikin da kayan aiki. Wannan ya hada da kafawa na gabobin da kyallen takarda da macro- da micronutrients, rajista na jijiyar, radiation daukan hotuna, karatu na zuciya da kwakwalwa, da sauransu.

Wasu hanyoyi na gudanar da bincike a Physiology, mun dauki kusa duba on. Su ne mafi yawan amfani da muhimmanci.

kallon

Wadannan physiological hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da zamanin d Misira, Roma, China, a cikin Ancient Gabas. Ko sa'an nan, akwai masu bincike suke da sha'awar a cikin canje-canje faruwa a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Alal misali, a Misira a lokacin mummification Fir'auna da iyalansu da aka yi autopsies kuma gyarawa canje-canje a cikin ciki yanayi. Kiyasta irin dalilai kamar:

• Launi inganci da nazarin halittu ruwaye da kuma taro.
• kala jikinsu.
• launi ido sclera.
• inganci da launi na sputum.
• kumburi na fata, da tsarin da kuma turgor.

Wadannan halaye an kwatanta da wadanda na lafiya mutane da kuma zana karshe. Watakila aka ma kafa, a wasu lokuta dalilin mutuwar da mutumin.

Yau, kallo ba a rasa ta munasaba, musamman a lokacin da ta je psychophysiology. Human hali, ya motsin zuciyarmu, halin, external bayyanuwar tremor, sweating - duk wadannan siffofin ne musamman don nazarin karrarawa. Sun yi share da dangantakar tsarin da kuma na waje manifestations daban-daban Manuniya na physiological ayyuka, tafiyar matakai a cikin jiki.

Rukunan da halin da mutumin da aka kafa masanin kimiyya Pavlov dogara ne a kan wani binciken na hanawa da kuma zumudi, wanda zahiri bayyana kanta a daban-daban tunanin overtones a cikin hali da kuma halayen wasu abubuwan da suka faru, furucinsa, ayyukansa. Ya tabbatar da cewa dalilin da choleric, sangvistichnogo, melancholic da phlegmatic bayyananen ne daidai na tsarin jijiya matakai hade tare da shafi tunanin mutum aiki na kwakwalwa, ta halayen.

Wadannan binciken da aka akai-akai jaddada da daban-daban masana kimiyya da kuma masana ilimin tunani, masu bincike. Saboda haka, wadannan mutum Physiology hanyoyin kamar kallo da kuma gwaji, wanda za a tattauna kara, kuma akwai dacewa, muhimmanci da kuma tasiri.

gwaji

Gwajin hanyoyin da nazari na Physiology ne muhimman hakkokin da tarihi mafi tsoho da kuma rare. Lalle ne, yadda kuma su koyi, idan ba ka gani? Saboda haka, tare da lura da gudanar da iri daban-daban da gwaje-gwaje, mafi yawa a kan dabbobi. Aka ba su kusan cikakken sakamakon a nazarin su sami mafi m bayanai.

Akwai gwaji hanyoyin domin nazarin ilmin jikin mutum da kuma Physiology, rage zuwa biyu main kungiyoyin.

1. M gwaje-gwajen. Irin wannan hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da har ƙarshen XIX karni, a lokacin da Rasha masanin kimiyya Ivan Petrovich Pavlov bai sami wani zaɓi. Abin da ya jigon wannan kutse a cikin jiki? A gwajin da aka za'ayi a kan wani rai dabba jiki, wanda aka daura a takamaiman na'ura. Sa'an nan gudanar vivisection to da ake so Gabar nazarin da rubuta kamar haka da ya lura da sakamakon aikinsa. Duk da haka, a yawan gagarumin shortcomings yin wannan hanya wanda ya kasa aiki. Bayan da cewa da wani ɓangare na dabi'a ne ba na mutum ba, kuma m, saboda dabba da aka hõre m azabtarwa, da kuma azabtarwa ne sosai m tiyata, bai taimake har ma da maganin sa barci, don haka mafi kuma wani tunanin wahala, jiki zafi samu da azabtar da gwaji, muhimmanci gurbata da sakamakon. Yana da wani mugun da'irar. Don samun to your jiki, shi ya kamata ya jawo wahala. Su, bi da bi, su karkatar da al'ada hanya na physiological matakai, da kuma sakamakon da aka ba sosai tasiri.
2. Kullum gwaji. Yana da wannan hanyar da shawarar Pavlov. ya kasance da m gwajen saboda su matsananci zaluntar, watakila wannan ya kai shi ga sabuwar dabara na wani mafi m wani zaɓi. Na gwajin kwayoyin shi kuma aka yi wani dabba. Duk da haka, da hanya ya faru quite daban. Kafin aiki, da m hali na wani ingantaccen maganin sa barci. Sa'an nan, a cikin so Gabar bango implantable fitsari - a tube na roba ko karfe wanda aka sutured to fata daga waje. Bayan haka, dabbobi da aka ba su lokaci warke, domin warkar da ciwo da kuma kafa zuwa cikakken normalize da matakai na rayuwa. Kamar wancan samu ta hanyar da fitsari bayanai game da tafarkin daban-daban matakai a bincika sashi na jiki, yayin da ya quite m, tun da jiki aiki kullum. Nazarin da aka za'ayi na dogon lokaci, ba tare da nuna bambanci ga lafiyar dabbobi da kuma daidai da dukan dokokin da na halitta zama.

Kamar wancan ne ainihin Physiology na aiki hanyoyin, gama aiki a wasu lokuta, da kuma wannan rana. Ko da yake, ba shakka, na zamani fasaha sababbin abubuwa hankali gaba daya kau da na tsangwama kai tsaye a cikin jikin mutum. Shi ne yanzu zai yiwu don samun bayanan da ka bukata sosai daban-daban, kasa mai raɗaɗi, mafi m da kuma dace da mutum hanyoyi.

mai hoto rajista

Hanyoyin da mutum Physiology tushen daidai a kan yin amfani da wasu kayan aiki. Daga cikin irin wannan na'urorin ya zauna da muhimmanci wuri kamar haka.

1. ECG. The inji amfani ga kayyade da cardiac mataki iko. A sakamakon da fitarwa na na'ura kõma a cikin electrocardiogram takarda, da sanin cewa wani likita gwani decrypts kuma ƙarasa game da kiwon lafiya na zuciya da jijiyoyi. Don kwanan wata, wannan na'urar ta cece rayuwar miliyoyin mutane. Bayan duk, dace ganewa na matsaloli - da key ga nasara magani.
2. Microelectrodes. A mafi karami tsarin da za a iya shukakkun kai tsaye a cikin cell membrane da kuma gyara mataki m. A yau shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ci gaba a Electronics cewa hulda da physiological karatu na jikin mutum. Wadannan wayoyin za a iya gabatar da ko da a cikin mutum kwakwalwa cewa yale mu mu tsayar da rikodin canje-canje a cikin psychosomatic jihar kiwon lafiya da kuma rayuwa.
3. Radionuclide Physiology hanyoyin - amfani da su samu gwada yawa halaye na physiological tafiyar matakai.
4. Daban-daban masu auna sigina cewa emit electromagnetic taguwar ruwa. Baya martani a cikin nau'i na lantarki hatsaisai da ake gyarawa da ta musamman na'urar - oscilloscope - sa'an nan ka ruwaito zuwa kwamfuta for aiki. Akwai An riga an faruwa cikakken aiki na bayanai da kuma siffar karshe. Saboda haka yana yiwuwa a kafa da sinadaran taro na daban-daban ions, da adadin matsa lamba, zazzabi, motsi da sauran sigogi).

Saboda haka, kimiyyar zamani na Physiology hanyoyin dogara ne a kan yin amfani da na'urori, su ne mafi m, m, kimiyya da kuma m dukkan muka tattauna a sama.

Chemical da biochemical hanyoyin

Anatomy da kuma Physiology hanyoyin su ne ba kawai kama da juna. Suna kuma da alaka da sauran kimiyyar. Saboda haka, akwai wani nazarin halittu Physiology, Biochemistry, Physiology da kuma ta jiki. Wadannan kimiyya karatu matakai a cikin jiki daga ra'ayinsa, Ina nufin da sinadaran, ta jiki da kuma nazarin halittu.

Saboda haka, yin amfani da wadannan hanyoyin shi ne ya kafa sakamakon wata abu (neurotransmitter, hormone, enzyme) a kan tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin jiki. Chemistry taimaka a kafa da kaddarorin wannan fili, kimiyyar lissafi bayyana ta thermodynamic sigogi da cewa za su yi tasiri a jiki. Physiology bukatar nazarin tasirin ba wai kawai a kan takamaiman tsari, amma kuma a general a jiki, da jiki da kuma sa na waje yanayi. Tare, wadannan tarbiyya ake hada karkashin lakabi Halittu Chemistry.

Hanyar pathological Physiology

A batun hanyoyin da Physiology ne a hankali related da interdependent a kan juna Concepts. Duk da haka, al'ada kimiyya da cewa karatu lafiya rai gabar - shi ba duka. Akwai kuma pathophysiology, ko pathological, wanda Investigates take hakkin da muhimmanci tafiyar matakai, su hanya, da sakamako a jiki a matsayin dukan, kuma kowane na da iko, da sauransu. Saboda haka, wannan horo zo da kansa ya kafa hanyoyi da yana yiwuwa su yi nazarin gano al'amurran da suka shafi.

Mene ne wadannan hanyoyin da Physiology?

1. Kwaikwaiyo. Kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin: a rayuwa abu na nazari da kuma a vitro, watau wucin gadi jiki tsarin. Don ƙirƙirar model na pathogenic aiwatar da amfani da kwamfuta ko kuma ilmin lissafi lissafin a kan takarda. Yana kuma sau da yawa amfani da wannan al'ada dabaru binciken da kuma karshe. A tsarin da aka yawanci gina a kan tushen da msar tambayar data ga wani batu.
2. Irfanin analysis. Bisa ga bayanan samu a dakin gwaje-gwaje karatu abu (halitta mai rai), gina ka'idar. Yana hada da wani ƙiyashi amsoshi ga tambayoyi: "Abin da yake ba daidai ba tare da haƙuri yaya aka cutar aiwatar Mene ne ta matsayi da kuma ikon yinsa, daga rinjayar Me kula da matakan ne dace a cikin wannan hali su daina ???"
3. Asibiti karatu. Dauri hanya, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga wanzuwar duk sauransu. Bayan duk, a can ne msar tambayar ilmi a kan tushen da haƙuri da asibitin. Domin wannan hanya yana amfani da wani yawan related dabaru:

• biochemical.
• sinadaran.
• jiki.
• histochemical.
• morphological.
• ilimin kididdiga da sauran.

Kawai a kan tushen da kayan samu ta hanyar yin amfani da duk hanyoyin, likita zai iya yin bincike da kuma rubuta magani.

kayan lambu Physiology

Yana da kimiyya na rayuwa aiki (aiki) da shuka kwayoyin. Muna magana ne game da dukkan siffofin rai daga unicellular zuwa ga mafi girman, ciki har da algae. Da manufofin Shuka Physiologists ne kamar haka:

• la'akari da gano sunadaran da shuka aiki.
• tsayar da msar tambayar tushe na yiwuwar photosynthesis a wucin gadi yanayi;
• don gina wata model cewa nuna jigon da hanyoyin da samun high da ake samu na da muhimmanci amfanin gona.

Hakika, da aiki mai sauki ba. Bayan duk, shuke-shuke - wadannan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, a cikin abin da kowane biyu, kazalika da a mutum, daruruwan biochemical halayen faruwa. Physiologist kamata bincika kowane daga cikinsu. Tsire-tsire numfashi, feed, gudanar da wani tsari na photosynthesis, ninka, girma da kuma canzawar - ne na al'ada iri rai ga dukkan abubuwa masu rai. A nazarin duk wadannan matakai - da aiki na physiologists.

Warware matsalar na photosynthesis a wucin gadi yanayi - yana nufin ya ba mutane damar zuwa wata babbar m tushen iko. Bayan duk, idan yunwa a duniya zai bace, da ingancin rayuwa zai kara yawa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu gaba daya kasa warware wannan matsala, ko da yake da yawa daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi an warware a fagen photochemical al'amurran da tsari.

Hanyar na wannan kimiyya

Shuka Physiology ne a hankali kẽwayesu da wadannan kimiyyar zamani:

• fasahar binciken halittu;
• ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu.
• kwayoyin aikin injiniya.
• biophysics.
• Cell Engineering.

Babu shakka, wannan da aka nuna a cikin hanyar da a da gudanar da binciken na shuka kwayoyin. Saboda haka, hanyoyin da Physiology daga wadannan shuke-shuke.

1. Namo.
2. Hanyar ga haske da electron spectroscopy.
3. Electrochemical.
4. Opto-Ft Irfan.
5. Chromatographic.
6. Spectrophotometric.

Babu shakka cewa dukkan su suna da nufin aunawa da lamba Manuniya: yawan aiki, nauyi, girma, ci gaba, sakamakon roba da kuma makamashi metabolism. Wannan zai iya warware irin wannan hanyoyin? Muhimmanci sosai m ayyuka, kamar:

• shuka kiwo.
• da samun heterosis hakkinSa.
• gabatarwa.
• acclimation.
• tsarin karba-karba iri.
• wucin gadi ban ruwa.
• Shuka namo sarari.

Saboda haka, inji Physiology - wani muhimman hakkokin kimiyyar halitta, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar dan Adam.