Samuwar, Sakandare da kuma makarantu
Crimean Larabawa. Taswirar Crimean sashin. A fannin Crimean sashin
A sashin yana da wani multilevel taimako. A arewa da kuma a cikin cibiyar mamaye steppe ƙasa, yana daukan ¾ yankin Crimea, a kudu shi yana da iyaka zuwa uku ridges na m sedimentary Crimean Mountains, mikewa 160 km tsawon na tsiri. Ta Kudu Coast so da dima jiki fasali. Haka kuma, a cikin sharuddan na yanayin yankin Crimean sashin qunshi uku na wasanni yankunan:
- mafi nema - subtropical (kudancin bakin tekun na Crimea) .
- steppe Crimea.
- Mountain Crimea.
Miliyoyin yawon bude ido a lokacin rani baƙi ne ta marabtar garuruwa: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Feodosia. Wannan - da mafi girma a birnin na yankin, taƙaitaccen bayanin wasu daga cikinsu, za mu gabatar a kasa. Bisa kididdigar da, a halin yanzu da ziyartar sashin domin kakar 5-6 miliyan. Yawon bude ido. A yawa ko kadan? Don kwatanta, da Turkish mura ziyarci da 31,456 da miliyan. Yawon shakatawa a shekarar 2011. Dukan abu - a ababen more rayuwa da kuma gabatarwa. Kamar yadda ka gani, da Crimea da wani abu to ku yi jihãdi ...
da yawan Crimea
A jama'ar na Crimea, bisa ga Krymstata a kan 01.01.2014, nawa zuwa fiye da 2.342.000. Man da kuma o ƙarin tabbatar da kara. A dalilin - hijirarsa kyawawa na Crimea. Birane mazauna haka suna da rabo daga 62,7% a yankin, da kuma yankunan karkara, bi da bi - 37.3%. A game da kasa, bisa ga 2001 ƙidaya shekara Crimean Rasha yawan kunshi yawanci (58.3%), Ukrainian (24,3%), Crimean Tatar (12,1%), Belarusians (1.5%). Sauran yawan kabila Larabawa zauna a da yawa karami rabo - kasa da 1%.
Af, da Crimean yawan ƙidaya 2001 saukar da wani ban sha'awa gaskiya: a cikin ƙasa zaune Izhora (numerically kananan Finnish-Ugric mutane) fiye da a mahaifarsa.
Crimean birni
Gudanarwa, al'adu da kuma masana'antu cibiyar na Crimea ne 360,000th birnin Simferopol. A Girkanci, da sunan sauti kamar "mai kyau birni". Wannan ne mai babbar kai cibiya. Ta hanyar da shi hanyoyi kai ga duk ƙauyuka na Larabawa.
Muhimmanci masana'antu Simferopol: game da 70 manyan kamfanonin, ciki har da "photon" masana'antu, "pneumatics", "Santechprom", "Crimeaprodmash", "Fiolent" da sauransu. Haka kuma, birni ta yawan ana tsallakar da isa. A birnin shi ne babban jami'o'i na yankin, don haka shi ne ake kira kimiyya cibiyar a cikin Crimea. Ka tuna kuma cewa Simferopol ne kananan mahaifarsa na Academician Igorya Vasilevicha Kurchatova, actor Romana Sergeevicha Filippova, singer Yuri Iosifovich Bogatikova.
City na Sevastopol aka gina ta domin na Empress Catherine II a matsayin sansanin soja. Yana yana da wani dabarun muhimmancin a cikin Black Sea yankin a matsayin kankara-free tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tushe na sojan ruwa. Tun da 2014, bisa ga Rasha kundin tsarin mulki, Sevastopol yana da wani tarayya muhimmancin, kasancewa babban wuri na Black Sea jiragen ruwa.
A daidai da kundin tsarin mulki na Ukraine, Sevastopol aka kashe tare da matsayi na musamman. A masana'antu yuwuwar na "birni na Rasha matuƙan," ƙaddara da gida kama kifi tashar jiragen ruwa, kifi cannery, da kuma hada, Inkerman Winery, jirgin-gini da jirgin-gyara masana'antu. City Sevastopol ', haka ma, shi ne wata babbar mafaka cibiyar na kudancin bakin tekun Black Sea, akwai kimanin 200 cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kuma 49 kilomita na rairayin bakin teku.
Daya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a duniya ne Kerch a kan ta wuri a cikin VII karni BC. e. Helenawa kafa birni Panticapaeum. Kerch masana'antu ne wakilta karafa, Shin karfe, Shipbuilding, yi, kama kifi Enterprises. Crimean makõma garuruwa tare da wata alƙarya wucewa 100,000, suna Evpatoria da Yalta, fiye da 83 dubu mazauna a Feodosiya. Cities Map na Crimean sashin ya nuna cewa mafi yawan su a bakin tekun. Ban ne Simferopol, Belogorsk da Dzhankoy.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa data kasance birane tsarin Crimean adalci tarihi. Bugu da ari urbanization na sashin ya hana ta iyakance albarkatun ruwa.
A kwanan nan da suka wuce. All-Union kiwon lafiya mafaka
Crimea, Black Sea ... wadannan kalmomi sun saba wa kowane Soviet mutum. Yaya mutane da yawa suka huta a sashin? M statistics da wuya a sami. Hukumance bayyana adadi na miliyan 10. Duk da haka, an yi shi bisa ga data na dima jiki wuraren.
A lokaci guda wata muhimmiyar gudana daga yawon bude ido tafiya zuwa Crimea da kansa da kuma tsara su holidays kansu ma. Duk da haka, ba su fada a cikin aikin hukuma statistics. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira "savages." Daya daga cikin mawallafa na "Literary Gazette" a cikin 60s fito da su adireshin wargi. Ya ce cewa wannan hanya na dama a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya zama haka rare cewa kafofin watsa labarai da kalmar "baubawa" fara yin amfani da tare da quotes.
A cikin akwatuna sa taswirar Crimean sashin, da kuma hanya da Allaha wurin nasu zabar ... Yadda za a same su ba? Don asusu na da adadin yawon bude ido a kan nasu 'yan ƙasa, amfani na yau da kullum "gurasa" fasahar. A lissafi ne mai sauki: kusan duk 'yan ƙasa cinye abinci kullum. Per mutum da rana, a kan talakawan, lissafinsu 200-250 grams. Girmancin na amfani na abinci a cikin biki kakar, da kuma yarda da mu domin sanin yawan "savages." A sakamakon haka ne m statistics :. Idan akwai game da 300 dubu a shekarar 1958, sa'an nan a shekarar 1988 - 6.2 mutane miliyan ..
Saboda haka, Soviet Crimea a cikin hutu kakar (Mayu zuwa Satumba) miƙa ta wasanni albarkatun for miliyan 16. Soviet mutane. Kuma idan ka yi la'akari da cewa biki kakar a Turkey - ninka tsawon wannan, to, ku zo ga ƙarshe: Crimea a cikin 80s na karshe karni bayar sauran kwarara daga mutane, commensurate tare da wani zamani Turkish, shi ne gaskiya, idan muka yi la'akari da "savages".
albarkatun kasa
Krym baiwa da gagarumin adibas na iskar gas, da man fetur, ma'adanai, da kuma tama. Na farko lissafin kimanta a matsayin jimlar gas samar - fiye da 165 biliyan m 3 man -. Aƙalla 47 ton miliyan tama - .. Over biliyan 1.8 ton ..
Duk da tasiri na hakar ma'adinai ayyukan, Crimean sashin, bisa ga masana, yana da mafi girma m saboda musamman albarkatun da alkawarin gina a kan shi a shekara-zagaye tushe ga likita fi na kasa da kasa matakin.
Naipolneyshee su amfani - dabarun aiki ga dukan na Crimean tattalin arzikin.
Wannan sashin asali da kuma iya mamaki. 5.8% na karkararta ne abubuwa da ƙasa alaka da ajiye asusun.
Ruwa tare da albarkatun Crimea - batun da yawa tattaunawa. Ko da yake katin Crimean sashin da kuma nuna gaban 257-mi na gida koguna, daga cikinsu krupnovodneyshimi Alma, Belbek, Kacha, Salgir, amma kusan dukkan su suna da wata iyaka ikon da zafi da kuma bushe lokacin rani. 120 Crimean kõguna - ba fiye da 10 km, shi ne mafi dutsen kõguna fiye da kogin. Ƙara duk - Salgir (204 km).
A cikin Larabawa akwai da yawa tabkuna, fiye da 80. Duk da haka, wadannan Wuraren da marine asalin sũ, sun kasance m saboda da high gwargwado na ruwa. Wadannan tabkuna ba zai amfana wa ci gaban aikin gona, inhibiting gona.
A daya hannun - gagarumin yanayin aikin gona m baki, da kuma a kan sauran - kasa mai ruwa-ruwa gano bukatar sa baki a cikin rashin daidaituwa daga mutum. Muhimmanci ga samar da ruwa na da Arewa Crimean tashar samar da da sashin Dnieper ruwa. Its girma a 2003 ya 83,5% na jimlar samar da ruwa na Crimea.
Saboda haka, wucin gadi yi na uku tashar queues aka biya diyya ruwa scarcity, wanda da ma'ana ba zai iya ba da wani nasu kogin Crimea kuma ba ta lake. Ba zato ba tsammani, da rabo daga kogin ruwa a yankin lissafinsu kawai 9.5%.
Steppe sashi Crimean samar da ruwan sha daga artesian waha. Its musamman nauyi ne ma low - 6.6% na jimlar. Ko da yake samar daga rijiyoyin mai tsabta, high quality-ruwa.
Statistics nuna cewa daya mazauni na Crimea The talakawan kullum girma na ruwa ne 4.7 sau da ƙananan fiye da ga mazauna tsakiyar band. Bugu da kari, da kudin ruwa a Crimea ne ma al'ada mafi girma.
Crimea Flora
Idan a cikin tsakiyar da kuma arewa na sashin ne arable ƙasar, a cikin duwatsu akwai wani bore na ruwan tekun Atlantika Flora. Akwai, wa ni'ima daga kwararru tsiro 240 jinsunan musamman, wadan da shuke-shuke. A arewacin gangara daga cikin Crimean duwãtsu rufe da lokacin farin ciki deciduous gandun daji, itacen oak Ashtarot girma a kasa, sama - itacen oak da hornbeam. A kudancin gangaren duwãtsu aka rufe Pine gandun daji. Conifers - endemic Crimean Pine.
Yanayin Crimean sashin ne musamman m ga halittar horar da arboretums kudu Coast, tare da daruruwa da dubban daidai kafa shuke-shuke da kwararru. Idan daji ciyayi kunshi shrubs (shiblyak), da horar da jihar bakin teku Parks ne mutum da aka yi da lu'u-lu'u na wannan zamanin da ƙasar. A wuri na musamman daga gare su, nasa ne mafi tsufa Nikitsky Botanical lambu, shuke-shuke Present yawon bude ido daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Duk da haka, da fitacciyar dendrological collections na daruruwan shuke-shuke da kuma Massandra, Livadia, Foros, Vorontsov Parks. Kuma shi ne - ba wani cikakken jerin Crimean dendrological plantings.
Tarihi. tsufa
Tarihi na Crimea m, kuma m. Da karkararta ya dade janyo hankalin marinjaya. Wasu asali mazaunan, da Cimmerians, wanda ya rayu a cikin XII karni, maye gurbin da Scythians. Sauran 'yan asalin mazaunan, da Tauri, wanda ya rayu a cikin kwaruruka, da duwãtsu, assimilated tare da nasara. Crimea ya zama wani ɓangare na Scythian jihar.
A V karni BC. e. Helenawa amfani Crimean sashin don kafa a kan ta kudancin bakin tekun (Tauris, kamar yadda suka kira shi) na biranen-mazauna: Chersonese, Kafa, Panticapaeum. A wannan mataki, shi ne ba game da Larabawa jihar, amma game da Greek mulkin mallaka Coast. A lokaci guda mallakar matakan Scythians.
Ka tuna cewa Crimea kuma ake kira shimfiɗar jariri, da Rasha Orthodoxy. A nan ne, a cikin ƙasar Khersones, a cikin na karni BC. e. Ya sauka Manzo Andrey Pervozvanny wa'azi ga alama da kuma Scythians.
'63 BC. e. alama ta annexation na Crimea da Roman Empire, wanda ya dauki iko da birnin gina ta Helenawa. Bayan fall daga cikin mafi girma ikon Larabawa halartar da dama harin. A III karni BC. e. Crimea nasara mazauni ne na Scandinavia - a Goths, kuma a cikin IV karni BC. e. suka maye gurbinsu da daga baya invaders - da Huns, da makiyaya daga nahiyar Asiya.
Daga cikin VI karni a cikin Crimean matakan mamaye Turkic-magana kabilu, kafa da Khazar Khanate. Wannan hujja sake mu tuna, a wannan labarin.
Crimean birni-mazauna a bakin tekun zo a ƙarƙashin mulkin magaji na Roma - Rum. Rumawa ƙarfafa Hersonissos, girma sabon sansanin soja: Alushta, Gurzuf, Eski-Kermen, Inkerman, da sauransu. Tare da weakening na Byzantine Empire a cikin ƙasa na Genoese Coast dokoki da sarauta Theodoro.
Middle Ages
Kiristanci ɓullo da a kan sashin kuma a tsakiyar zamanai. A Chersonese ya aka yi masa baftisma da Ruhu Mai Prince Vladimir, baya yada bangaskiyar Kirista ga sauran Rasha.
Tare da Sabunta karni BC. e. a cikin steppe sashi daga cikin sashin da ya faru Slavic mulkin mallaka, wanda ya lokaci-iyakance yanayi, tun da hankalin Kievan Rus fifiko da aka bai wa yammacin kan iyakoki, da kuma makiyaya sun aiki da kuma m hare-hare.
A XII karni Crimean sashin zama Polovtsian. Wannan zamanin kwatanta wasu Polovtsian sunayen bar zuwa zamaninmu: Ayu-Dag ( "Bear Mountain"), ARTEK (sunan dan da Polovtsian Khan).
Bayan ci daga dukan Larabawa, ciki har da na sarauta na Theodoro, da Tatar-mangolawa a XIII karni, shi ya zama cibiyar birnin Solkhat (located a kan ƙasa na zamani karamin gari na Stary Krym.). A sashin ne wani ɓangare na sararin Mongol-Tatar Zolotaya Orda State.
zamani tarihi
A wani lokaci a lokacin da mutane a karshe ya zama masu zama a gida da kuma fara haifar da al'umma, akwai wani m sashin al'umma - Crimean Tatars. A 1475, da sashin da aka ci nasarar da Ottoman Empire, da kuma babban birnin na Crimea zama Kafa. Turkish jihar tashar jiragen ruwa ya zama Majibinci na Crimean Tatars, wanda ya kasance daga ta talakansa. A Ottoman Empire aka gina a kan sashin ta soja beachheads. A Perekop invaders gina wani dabarun sansanin soja Ko Kalou.
A tarihin na Crimean Larabawa, wani sabon lokaci (da shi ta zo da wani Countdown na Renaissance) an haɗa da Rasha ta yaƙi da Crimean Khanate. A musamman, a 1736 sojojin Hristofora Antonovicha Miniha, da kuma a 1737 - da Army Petra Petrovicha Lassii, shi aka muhimmanci raunana. Han Qırım Giray, siyasa kokarin ƙirƙira kawance da kasashe na Yamma, ya rasu ne ba zato ba tsammani a 1769.
A na biyu sojojin karkashin umurnin-in-Chief, Janar Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov a lokacin da Rasha-Turkish yaki na 06.14.1770 da 29.07.1770 aka lashe, biyu dabarun nasara a kan Crimean Tatars: Perekopskaya a kan layi da kuma Cafe. A statehood na 'yan asalin mazaunan yankin da aka rasa. Taswirar Crimean sashin tun 1783 maimakon na Crimean Khanate nuna da Tauride lardin, na zuwa Rasha.
Zamba karni. Crimean California
A XX karni, a Soviet sau, wannan yankin ya zama wani mai kawo rigima batu na geopolitics. 18.10.1921 shekara a nan aka kafa Crimean cin gashin kanta Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar - da RSFSR bangaren.
A halin yanzu, Soviet gwamnati da matsala ga yankin. Idan Black Sea Coast na Crimea aka isasshen densely lugar, wannan ba za a iya ce ga nasa bangare na steppe. A cikin Crimean steppe fili bai isa ba mutum albarkatun. A ra'ayin na samar da aikin gona da Yahudawa maida Semi-hamada steppe a horar da ƙasar. A tarihin Crimean sashin, kamar yadda muka gani, ya ci gaban madadin hangen zaman gaba.
A 1922, da Soviet gwamnatin juya Yahudawa duniya kungiyar "hadin gwiwa" tare da mai kyau da yawa. Ta ya aikata da su zuba jari a cikin namo 375 kadada na Crimean sashin, kuma ga cewa na RSFSR, bi da bi, su ne iya yi da tsohon mafarkin da Yahudawa neman ƙasar alkawari, -. Don tsayar da Yahudawa cin gashin kanta Jamhuriyar a nan.
Wannan tsari ya kasance a karkashin wani tarihi asalinsu. A Sabunta-X karni Khazar Khanate, wanda ya wanzu a kan sashin, professed Yahudanci.
A Tarayyar Soviet ta Tsakiya kwamitin zartarwa na majalisar kasashe na daban kwamitin aikin ƙasar Yahudawa da aka kafa. Kwamitin ya ɓullo da wani 10-shekara shirya don saukar zuwa 300,000 haure Yahudawa a cikin steppe sashi na Crimea.
19.02.1929, tsakanin CEC na RSFSR da "hadin gwiwa" rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a kan ci gaban da Crimean ƙasar. A duniya na wannan aikin shi ne mafi sani a karkashin sunan "Crimean California." Don aiwatar da shi, kasa da kasa Yahudawa kungiyar bayar Securities a cikin adadin miliyan 20. $ Saya daga Amurka da kuma Turai masu zaman kansu ãdalci. Total -. $ 26 miliyan (a halin yanzu musayar kudi -. About $ 1,82 biliyan) da zuba jari da aka gudanar ta hanyar bude a Simferopol reshe na bankin "Agro-hadin gwiwa".
A shekara ta 1938, Stalin ya juyar da aikin, amma batun aka tashe ta da shi a lokacin yakin duniya na II. Kambun hannun jari na "hadin gwiwa" so diyya. A Tehran taro, suka yi ta shugaban kasar Amurka Roosevelt ya Stalin. Duk da haka, a lokacin da Cold War, da an warware babban sakataren Khrushchev a kan wani "Gordian kulli". 19.02.1954 na Crimean yankin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga Ukrainian SSR na RSFSR. Yarjejeniyar da Tarayyar Soviet "hadin gwiwa" rasa karfi: batu na muhawara ba ya kasance a cikin RSFSR.
Crimea a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ukraine
Da yankin Crimea ta zuwa ga Ukrainian SSR, bukatar gwaji albarkatun domin cin gaban su. A kan Hauwa'u na wannan yankin da aka tura game da 300 mutane dubu, ma'aikata ne a fili bai isa ba. A cikin yãƙi yakin duniya na II rasa wani gwaji na namiji yawan jama'a. Aikin gona sashin kadai ba zai iya shawo kan rikicin da ya isa pre-yaki matakan. Ba isasshen hanyoyi.
A shekarar 1958, da Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar daga kasafin kudin kasaftawa kudi domin gina duniya mafi tsawo trolleybus hanya, haxe Simferopol da Alushta da Yalta. A cikin shekaru 1961-1971 da kuma aka gina yana kokarin muhimmanci wucin gadi canal noman steppe ƙasashe na Crimea a kudi na ruwa Kakhovka tafki Dnieper. Tun da shirin da kuma gaba da suka fara samar viticulture da noma.
Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar 1991 da ci gaban aikin noma na sashin ya kasance wani hatsari hali ya koma baya. A dalilin - a tsada saye ga manoma zamani m fasahar da kasa a jihar tallafi na noma na wannan firgita yankin. A sakamakon haka, fiye da rabin rage amfanin gona yankin da kuma, correspondingly, rage ruwa Arewa Crimean tashar.
Crimea a yau
A halin yanzu rikicin siyasa a dangantakar da ke tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine an fi mayar da kyalli a cikin tattalin arzikin wannan yanki. Bisa ga sakamakon da zaben raba gardama na yawan na Crimea (2014), da RSFSR annexed da shi zuwa ga hakkin da batutuwa na tarayya. Ukraine, domin ta bangare, bai yarda da amincewar da zaben raba gardama da kuma ya yi ĩmãni annexed Crimea.
A rashin daidaituwa na huldar cinikaiya generated da Rasha-Ukrainian "cinikayya yaki", yanã raunanar da tattalin arziki na yankin. A gaskiya ma, ya ci biki kakar. Agriculture shan wahala - saboda inconsistencies a samar da ruwa. Duk da haka, jama'ar na sashin da aka jiran wadannan wucin gadi matsaloli a rinjãye su. The Russian Federation, domin ta bangare, an kafa ta jama'a ababen more rayuwa a Crimea. Bayan duk, shi ne bai isa zuwa nominally sabon jamhuriyar ya bayansa da taswirar Rasha. Crimean sashin a halin yanzu za ta hanyar hanya mai wuya na tattalin arziki da kuma shari'a hadewa a cikin Rasha al'umma.
Ukraine da kuma kasashe na Group of Bakwai, kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, ba a gane da amincewar da raba gardama. Saboda haka - cikin wahala a samun dace duniya matsayi na Larabawa. Akwai kuma al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da matsayi na Crimean Tatars, cewa shi ne 'yan asalin.
Duk da haka, da labarin ya ci gaba, da kuma jama'ar na Crimea, ba shakka, sa ran tarayya zuba jari a cikin tattalin arzikin na yankin. A fannoni da dama da ya bayyana zaben ayyana tsammanin ga yankin. Abin da zai kasance a nan gaba ga sashin ta musamman? A tambaya shi ne har yanzu a bude.
ƙarshe
Wanne binciki yiwuwa na wannan ban mamaki yankin? Bari mu tuna da darussa na tarihi. A wancan lokaci, a lokacin da daya daga cikin na karshe shugaban na Tarayyar Soviet Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov kokarin "tabbatar da aiki da horo" da fatar sama saka idanu na absenteeism da kuma hana sata a kasar, located a hayin tekun Black Sea, akwai karin sanyata matakai ... Crimean sashin a lokacin da wani sanatorium iko tushe fiye da Turkey.
A cikin shekaru 80 a Turkiyya shi aka shirya da kyau ta fuskar tattalin arziki, da bin doka da aka ayyana da kuma kaddamar da dukan jihar kayan, kasa da kasa zuba jari tsari a cikin dima jiki masana'antu. A kasar, wanda GDP fadi da 10% a lokacin da duniya rikicin, don gina wata rahama sabon abu na samun kudin shiga a cikin kasafin kudin - da makõma kasuwanci. kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyar a kan lura da babban birnin kasar zuba jari da aka yi ga masu zaman kansu masu zuba jari, Daidaitawa cikin hakkoki da mazauna.
Saboda haka, kasashen waje masu zuba jari da su ne ba kawai da warware (partially ko cikakken) daga haraji da kuma kudade a kan aiwatar da zuba jari a motels, amma ba Unlimited dama ãdalci a cikinta. Sun kuma tabbatar da dawowar kudi da kuma mayar da babban birnin kasar, idan da zuba jari da aka "kasa."
Babu shakka cewa wannan hanyar zama tattalin arziki da suka ci gaba da Crimean sashin. Photo ta mura bayan wannan da zuba jari iya gasa da hotuna dauka a spas da ruwa Parks a Antalya, Turkey.
Similar articles
Trending Now