Da banki ta tarihi. Bank: da yadda aka halitta su?

Banks ba mutane undeniable abũbuwan amfãni. Su tara kudi, gudanar da daban-daban biyan ma'amaloli, rance da kuma bauta daban-daban Categories Securities. A wannan nazari, da tarihi na zargin bankunan za a yi la'akari.

Origin of bankuna

A farko, rance sharks fara bayyana ko a zamanin da. Suka kuma ba nasu mutane a bashi dukiya mai daraja da wajibi don mayar da su bayan wani lokaci tare da amfani. Bayan da aka fara ta samar da kudi cibiyoyin cewa yin daban-daban ayyukan da muhimmanci abubuwa. Yana samo asali a matsayin banki ta tarihi.

Bankin ( «banko») fassara daga Italian nufin "tsabar kudi tebur". The sosai farko jiki a cikin zamani ji fara Genoa Bank (1407). A Ingila, da farko kudi ma'aikata da aka halitta a 1664, sa'an nan kuma nan da nan ya fara a za'ayi cinikayya da tattalin arziki da siyasa. A Amurka, wannan taron ya faru a 1781 (tare da zuwan Bank of Philadelphia).

Ana zargin bankuna a Rasha

A tarihin na zargin bankunan a kasar mu yana da nasa tushen daga 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin sanya wani ƙoƙari na kafa kungiyar a tambaya ba, amma ya} o} arin da aka ba su yarda da gwamnatin. A ra'ayin da aka gane a cikin 1733, a lokacin da gwamnati Anny Ioanovny, wanda a yarda don en bashi. A 1754, lokacin da Elizabeth a St. Petersburg halitta a jihar da kuma Merchant Bank. Software da aka dauke kayan ado ko gādo tare da serfs, kazalika da wani lamuni na arziki mutane. A 1757, da wurare dabam dabam na takardar kudi gabatar a Rasha. A 1769, a lokacin da gwamnati da Catherine II aka gabatar banknotes. A tsawon lokaci, da tarihi na Rasha kudi hukumomi da aka supplemented da sabon aukuwa.

Bayani game da samuwar bankunan

A tarihin fara da bankunan na m baya. A farko kungiyar da aka kafa a 1817. Yana da aka yi nufi ga yan kasuwa da za'ayi barter ma'amaloli, biya. Daga baya suka zo da ikon fitowa gajere bashi domin samar da kansu, da kuma yan kasuwa zai iya daukar rance ga aiki babban birnin kasar] a] e, dalilai na samarwa, albashi. A hankali kara da bashi sharuddan.

A Rasha, na farko kasuwanci banki bayyana a St. Petersburg (1864). Its izini babban birnin kasar shi ne miliyan 5. Rubles. Hukumance rajistar bankuna ya fara a watan Agusta 1888. Su shafi tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki a jihar, amma da farko yi amfani da sosai low da amincewa da kuma da yawa daga mutane bai yi kuskure da su zuba jari su tanadi akwai. A tsawon lokaci, da halin da ake ciki canza, kuma abokan ciniki sun zama sau da yawa ya shafi bankunan, don haka suka zama mafi m. Ko da a cikin kasar mu ta hanyar da shekara akwai 43. A nan gaba, wannan adadin ya karu.

Daga baya, biyu dokokin da aka soma, wanda lãbãri game da yanayi na bude na banki da kuma hanyoyin da iko. Aka dauka zuwa da kisan wani aiki na biyu-bene banki tsarin, karkashin jagorancin Babban Bankin ya fara magana. Tarihi kara complemented sabon ci gaba: kasuwanci da kungiyoyin samu wani m matsayi don jawo hankalin adibas. Suna bashi dama ya shiga a cikin bashi siyasa, kazalika da wa suna da amfani rates. A lokacin da kungiyar samu dama don gudanar da wani kasashen waje musayar ma'amaloli a kan wani shirin gaskiya akai. Duk da cewa tarihin bankunan arziki a cikin canje-canje, tsarin kudi jikinsu ya rage m.

Formation na banki tsarin. 1st da 2nd, saukarwa

Rasha aka bari nisa a baya kasashen turai, don haka ci gaban da bankuna faru a dama, saukarwa. A farko ta fara da kafa jihar Loan Bank (XVIII karni) kuma yana har 1860 a matsayin tattalin arzikin ci gaban da ake bukata fadada bashi da wuraren riga a 1754 bankuna domin nobility da 'yan kasuwa da aka kafa. Duk da haka, da girma da rance da aka ba koma, don haka wadannan kungiyoyi tsaya da ayyukan.

A cikin mataki na biyu (1860-1917g.) Da aka kafa da State Bank of Rasha, a lokaci guda suka bude da yawa bashi al'umma. A 1872, a cikin banki tsarin kunshi jama'a a birane ƙasar da kuma masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin. A 1880, akwai 49 rassan, 83 bashi al'ummu, 729 tanadi da rance da ƙungiyoyi, bankunan 32. Akwai ofisoshin, suna musayar shagunan, ciniki gidaje.

The fadada daga cikin banki tsarin. 3rd-5th mataki

A yakin duniya na farko da ya hana aiki girma na banki ayyuka, amma bayan karshen tashin, ta hankali dawo dasu. The uku mataki zo a 1917 da kuma dade har 1930. Bayan da reorganization na banki tsarin da State Bank na RSFSR (1921). An kafa, hadin gwiwa stock kamfanonin, kansu da kuma yankin kudi a jikinsu. Yana kafa mai yawa sabon kudi ajiya.

A karo na hudu mataki (1932-1987g.) Akwai wani a kasar banki da kuma gajere rance ga masu zuba jari tsarin. A wannan lokacin, monetary tanadi ya tashi zuwa 968 biliyan. Rub. da kuma samar da wani na farko jinginar gida kudi hukumomin, da samar da rance kulla da dukiya.

A karo na biyar mataki shi ne daga shekarar 1988 har zuwa yanzu lokaci. A wannan lokaci akwai wata sauka a hankali kyautata na banki tsarin. Shi ya zama mafi m, tun kara yawan rassan a cikin kasar da kuma kasashen waje. Babban bankin manufofin da aka yi niyya da zaman lafiyar na banki tsarin.

Yadda yana da Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

A tarihin "Alfa-Bank" yana farawa da 1990. Domin shekaru hudu, da kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka kafa, na farko abokan ciniki da kuma abokan. A watan Agusta 1995, a rikicin a cikin interbank kasuwar. Godiya ga gyara tsarin harkokin kudi da kuma m Hanyar sarrafawar kadara, ya karfafa kudi da kwanciyar hankali, wannan lokaci ba zai shafi "Alfa-Bank", wanda nasarar ci gaba da samun yiwuwa tare da Rasha da kuma kasashen waje abokan.

"Alfa-Bank": tarihi data tun 1997

A 1997-1998, da kudi ma'aikata a tambaya ya gudanar da babban matsayin da a duk manyan kasashen duniya rating kungiyoyi da na farko daga da fafatawa a gasa bayar Eurobonds. A wannan lokacin, akwai wata kungiya da kasuwanci, "Alfa Capital" (zuba jari m). Yana bayyana a matsayin yin haya dillancin LLC "Alfa-Bank". A 1999, m girma na kasuwanci da kuma kyautata na yankin cibiyar sadarwa. Bayan shekaru biyu, "Alfa-Bank" ya ci gaba da sarrafa, da kuma kasuwannin gida akwai alamar kasuwanci ce "Alfa Insurance".

Yadda ya yi da "Alfa-Bank" bayan 2002?

A 2003-2007, labarin "Alfa-Bank" An kuma ru da sabon aukuwa: fadada daga rassan, bayar da subordinated Eurobonds, halittar sabon version of "Alfa-Forex" web page. na farko reshe na sabon kiri format bude a Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. A wannan lokacin ya kafa Internet banki "Alpha-danna" kafa sabis "Alfa TV" da kuma gabatar da wani video gudanar da taro tsarin. Inganta da matsayi a cikin bashi rating da sabon awards samu.

A 2008-2012, akwai sabon aukuwa: a saki MasterCard biyan bashin cards da Umembossed, fita da shirin manufa da kamfanoni kudi na wholesale ba a motoci, samar da wani akayi katin bashi, da sabon ofisoshin ne bude. Akwai wani banki aikace-aikace wayoyin salula na zamani da kuma Android, sabon da kuma inganta fasahohin da aka gabatar. Na bauta tare da wani yawa na kyaututtkan.

Brief tarihi data game da Bank of Moscow

Bankin Moscow, wanda tarihi Dates baya ga spring na shekarar 1994, aka asali rajista a matsayin kasuwanci. Daga baya, kungiyar ta samu da yawa awards, kuma ya fara gudanar da da sunan "Bank of Moscow", a 2004.

A watan Afrilu 2010, a kan umarni na Yuriya Luzhkova bankin daga birnin kasafin kudin da aka kasaftawa 7.5 biliyan. Rubles ga batun na hannun jari, 47% na wanda aka sayar zuwa VTB. Bankin Retail Finance samu cikin 2010 Award "Financial Olympus" da kuma lashe "da na gama zuba jari kasuwar" a cikin na uku shekara-shekara gasar. Wannan yadda labarin samo asali Bank.

Bankin Moscow yanzu wakilci a kusan yankuna da dama na kasar Rasha. Kamar yadda na 04.01.2014 a cikin yankuna aiki naúrar 172, kuma a birnin Moscow da kuma yankin 136 ofisoshin located. Kungiyar na hanyar sadarwa wajen kasar: a Ukraine akwai na "BM Bank", a Estonia, "da Istoniyanci Credit Bank."

Data a kan Central Bank of shekarar 1990-2003

Tarihi na bankuna yana da bayanai a kan Central Bank. Ya kafa 13/07/1990 da aka asali kira da State Bank na RSFSR. Bayan 'yan watanni zo da domin ya kafa shari'a mahaluži na wani kudi kungiyar.

A cikin 1991-1992 shekara, kafa wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci kungiyoyin, akwai lokatan canje-canje a cikin account tsarin, kafa RCC (tsabar kudi shiri cibiyoyin), ya gabatar walwa. A lokacin karkashin review shi ne farkon da sayar da kasashen waje ago da kafuwa quotes kan ruble.

Bankin Tarihi (Bank of Rasha) yana da wadannan bayanan: a 1992-1995 shekara, ta kafa wani tsarin kulawa da dubawa na kasuwanci da kungiyoyin domin dattako da banki tsarin. Tare da farko na tattalin arziki da rikicin (1998), da Bankin Rasha restructured domin inganta aikin na kasuwanci da kuma kudi jikinsu don su kara liquidity.

A 2003, dauke da kungiyar ta fara tafiyar da wani aikin inganta banki kulawa da kuma prudential rahoto. Don} wucin gadi overpricing ko underpricing na m nagartacce a cikin shekara ta gaba da aka soma a yawan dokokin.

Central Bank: ci gaban daga shekarar 2005 zuwa ta 2011,

A shekarar 2005, babban bankin, wanda tarihi ne na sha'awa to da yawa, ya kafa kansa da wadannan manufofin: don ƙarfafa kariya daga cikin bukatun da masu zuba jari, da kara yawan gasa, su hana m kasuwanci aiki, ya karfafa da amincewa da bashi, ajiyar da kuma masu zuba jari. Bayan shekaru uku na rikicin, jinginar gida na rance da kuma rage liquidity a cikin kasuwanni kasa da kasa ta canja da manufofin kudi. Financial ma'aikata ya mayar da hankali ta sojojin su hana taro fatarar na kungiyoyi.

Tarihi na Bank of Rasha ta sanar da cewa akai-akai yanke sha'awa rates a shekarar 2009, ciki har da refinancing (daga 13% zuwa 8,75%). Kafa wani tsari don tallafa wa interbank kasuwar a lokacin da tattalin arziki da rikicin. The Bank of Rasha ya bayar da rance ga sauran kudi jikinsu ba tare da tsaro, amma a shekara daga baya da shawarar da aka canza. Rage amfani rates (daga 8,75% zuwa 7,75%). Tun tsakiyar 2010 fara tashi, hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma amfani rates karu da 0.25%. Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin kudi ya zama mafi m. Wannan yadda labarin samo asali Bank. The Bank of Rasha a yanzu lokaci ya ci gaba da inganta kudi sunadaran da kuma aiwatar da m tsarin da tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali.

A tarihin ci gaban bankunan: bashi rating

Customers za su dauki wani banki rance, rance bukatar koyon cikakken bayani game da shi. Shin ba kawai muhimmanci feedback daga baya bashi, amma kuma da bashi rating: mafi girma shi ne, da mafi m kudi ma'aikata. Duk wannan za a iya samu a yanar gizo dacewa albarkatu, amma ɓangare na bayanai, kamar na Mayu da Yuni 2014 aka bayar a cikin rãyuwar review.

Akwai bankuna da al'amuranda rance ga abokan ciniki tare da matalauta bashi tarihi?

A mutum na iya tambaya to matsakaici-sized banki cibiyoyin cewa ba ya bukatar bayani a kan baya barga biya. Yawancin lokaci shi ne wani matashi kungiyar, suke nufin jawo hankalin abokan ciniki ta kowane hanya. Suna iya bayar da wani Jimlar kudi, har ma ga mutanen da tare da m bashi tarihi, amma suka yi ga babban protsenty.Sovremennuyu rayuwa shi ne da wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da rance. Wani lokaci, abokin ciniki ba zai iya biya a lokaci da ake bukata adadin (canji na aiki, raguwa, akan rage albashinsu, da sauransu. D.), Kuma ko da idan daga baya bashi za a koma a kan biyan bashin data aka shiga musamman database, sanar da game da unreliability na dan kasa. Idan ya sake bukatar dauki rance, duk abin da zai iya yiwuwa a jawabi bankuna tare da sharri bashi tarihi ne mai wuya a dauka daga rance sake. Duk da haka, daga wannan halin da ake ciki ne.

Banking fasahar ba a tsaye har yanzu da ake kullum gwamnatin. Saboda haka, inganta sabis quality, rage wuya da yawa kudi ma'amaloli, inganta AMINCI na tsarin. Saboda haka, bayan shekaru 5, da banki tsarin ne iya tashi zuwa wani sabon mataki.