Da hanyoyi da na watsa

wata babbar lamba na microbes zaune a duniya, ya ganuwa ga mutum ido. Wasu daga cikin su ba matsayi wani hadari, yayin da wasu za su iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Mene ne hanyoyin watsa daga kamuwa da cuta, akwai - a tambaya da cewa ya cancanci hankali.

Kamuwa: ginshikai da kuma yanayin na watsa. Mabudi sharuddan

A wannan kimiyya, epidemiology, amfani da kalmar "kamuwa da cuta". Wannan kalma tana nufin hatsarin kamuwa da cuta daga shuka, dabba ko jikin mutum ta hanyar daban-daban pathogens. Wadannan sun hada da protozoa, ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka da sauransu. E. cututtuka suna daukar kwayar cutar daidai da wasu sunadaran. A karkashin wadannan nufin hade da takamaiman hanyoyi don matsar da pathogens daga tushen da saukin kamuwa kwayoyin.

Masana sun gano hudu watsa inji :

• fecal-baka.
• aerosol-aerogenic.
• transmissible.
• bloodborne.

Kowane inji aiwatar a hanyoyi daban-daban (hanyoyi). Wannan kalma tana nufin abubuwan da tabbatar da shigar azzakari cikin farji daga kamuwa da cuta a cikin wani mai saukin kamuwa kwayoyin a cikin wani yanayi.

watsa hanya halayyar da fecal-baka inji

Cututtuka musamman a wannan watsa inji, kira na hanji. A causative wakili na mai shi zaune a cikin narkewa kamar tsarin. A muhalli kwayoyin samun tare da faeces. A sabon kwayoyin pathogens shiga ta hanyoyi da dama. Ga hanyoyin da za a aika da hanji kamuwa da cuta:

• ruwa (gurbata ruwa a lokacin da amfani).
• abinci (a qwai, nama, kifi, madara, gurbata kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma berries).
• lamba-Baiti (ta hanyar da dama iyali abubuwa).

A ruwa, da kwayoyin ne saboda kai tsaye hit a ta tumbi ko gurbata gona. Lokacin da abinci da kuma lambar-Baiti watsa hanyoyi abinci da iyali abubuwa sukan kamu bayan da rashin lafiya mutum hidima tushen kamuwa da cuta, shi ya shãfe su. An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin riwayar pathogens wasa gardama. Pathogenic microorganisms samun zuwa kwari na ƙafa da tumbi.

MISALI kamuwa da cuta da fecal-baka watsa inji

Daya san adam cututtuka - dysentery. Wannan cuta, wanda aka halin raunuka gastrointestinal syndromes da kuma janar dauke da kwayar cutar maye. Haka kuma cutar na faruwa saboda dysentery sanda na ga HALITTAR Shigella. Hanyoyi na watsa - ruwa, abinci da kuma lambar-Baiti.

A halin yanzu, dysentery kamu a ware lokuta. Kamuwa ya auku:

• saboda da yin amfani da ruwa daga koguna, rijiyoyin, ginshikan, located in unsatisfactory tsafta da fasaha yanayi;
• da yin amfani da arancinsu sarrafa abinci (datti, danye).

Shi ne kuma zai yiwu fashewa - kungiyar cututtuka. Ruwa annoba suna lalacewa ta hanyar cuta na rarraba da Karkasa samar da ruwa. Contact-Baiti annobar cutar sau da yawa faruwa a makarantan nasare saboda take hakkin anti-annoba gwamnatin (misali, saboda talauci yi disinfection matakan).

watsa hanya a lokacin da aerosol-aerogenic inji

Wannan canja wurin inji yana da dama sunayen. A musamman adabi akwai irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin muradinta, fesa, drip. Bayan an yi nazarin su, za mu iya ganin cewa aerosol-inhalatory watsa inji halin da sarrafawa da pathogen a numfashi gabobin.

Kwayoyin za a iya daukar kwayar cutar a cikin wadannan hanyoyi (hanyoyi):

1. Airborne. A causative wakili da aka saki a lokacin tari, sneezing, magana. Droplets kamuwa da gamsai a cikin muhalli, sa'an nan tare da iska shiga jiki lafiya.
2. By inhalation daga turɓãya. Tare da wannan watsa Hanyar lafiya mutumin kamu bayan ingestion na Airborne wãtsarwa dauke da kamuwa da cuta.

Misalai na cututtuka da aerosol-watsa inji inhalatory

Mura ne na kowa cuta na kwayar halitta. Babban yanayin da baza - Airborne. Lokacin da cutar rinjayar da babba numfashi fili. Lokacin da cutar shiga cikin mutum organizmzdorovogo, bayyanar cututtuka irin su gajiya, ciwon kai, tsoka da kuma hadin gwiwa zafi. Jiki zafin jiki yakan. Bayan wani lokaci, da marasa lafiya koka hanci cunkoso, ciwon makogwaro, bushe tari.

Airborne kura hanyar canja wuri ne peculiar mulufi zazzabi - A streptococcal kamuwa da cuta, punctate halin da kurji, ciwon makogwaro da ãyõyin maye. A cuta pathogens an excreted mutum haƙuri sputum, ruɓaɓɓen jini. Su ne sosai resistant zuwa muhalli dalilai. Wannan bayyana yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar iska da kuma kura.

watsa hanya a lokacin da transmissible inji

Domin transmissible inji na watsa ne na hali mazauni pathogens cikin rundunar jini. A wani lafiya jiki da kamuwa da cuta ya shiga ta arthropod (fleas, lice, sauro, ticks, kwari). Dako ya kasu kashi takamaiman da nonspecific. Na farko da kungiyar hada arthropod, wanda kawo wasu cututtuka. Alal misali, musamman vectors zazzabin cizon sauro da sauro, typhus - kwarkwata. Na biyu kungiyar hada da kwari dauke da m hanji cututtuka, typhoid, hepatitis A.

Transmissible inji za a iya daukar kwayar cutar:

• anthroponoses (tafki da kuma tushen kamuwa da cuta ne, mutum ne kawai);
• Zoonoses (tafki da kuma tushen kamuwa da cuta ne dabba).
• anthropozoonosis (tushen kamuwa da cuta na iya zama duka dabbobi da mutane).

Misalan cututtuka transmissible zuwa watsa inji

Daya daga vector-haifa cututtuka - zazzabin cizon sauro. Yana anroponoznoe cuta lalacewa ta hanyar protozoa na HALITTAR ne Plasmodium. Pathogens ake daukar kwayar cutar daga rashin lafiya ga m mutane da sauro na da HALITTAR Anopheles. A sabon mai zama dauke da kwayar cutar ne kawai a lokacin da jini ya bayyana jima'i siffofin da pathogen - gametocytes. Alal misali, a cikin wurare masu zafi da zazzabin cizon sauro da shi ya auku game da wani mako bayan da farkon parasitaemia da kuma ci gaba a ko'ina cikin shekara.

Wani misali na wata cuta transmissible inji na watsa - annoba. A causative wakili ne Yersinia pestis kafaffiyar (bacteria dimbin yawa da sandunansu). A tushen kamuwa da cuta a cikin yanayi ne hakori, kuma m - gwanjo. Wadannan jini-tsotsa kwari bayan cin gurbata jini a cikin narkewa kamar tsarin fara ninka annoba microbe. Pathogens tara da cika lumen na narkewa kamar bututu. A m cizon dabbobi ko mutane gwanjo aman pathogens da kuma samar da haka samu.

transduction hanya muhimmi bloodborne inji

Bloodborne watsa inji shi ne halayyar yawa cututtuka: kwayan cuta, fungal, kwayar, protozoan, parasitic. Pathogens shiga jiki a hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda wannan dalili, akwai wadannan hanyoyi na watsa:

• tsaye.
• parenteral.
• dasawa.
• jima'i.

Tsaye yanayin na watsa ne saboda shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cikin pathogen a cikin jiki da tayin daga jikin mace mai ciki ta hanyar mahaifa. Domin da parenteral hanya ne halin dauke da fitar likita hanyoyin. Alal misali, a wasu lokuta, mutane zama kamuwa da hakori ofishin, inda wani likita yana amfani da wani maras bakararre kida. Dashi watsa Hanyar da aka aiwatar a lokacin da transplanting ciki gabobin. Last hanya muhimmi cututtuka daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar jima'i.

Bugu da kari, yana yiwuwa ya ware watsa lamba Hanyar. Lokacin da ta kamuwa da cuta na faruwa ne ta kai tsaye lamba tare da pathogens da kuma gabatar da wani tushe a farfajiya na fata da kuma mucous membranes (msl, scabies)

MISALI cuta da bloodborne watsa inji

Yanzu likita da kuma zamantakewa matsala ne cewa mutane da yawa ba su san ko watsi da hanyoyi na watsa na jima'i cututtuka, ba su kariya a lokacin da bazuwar links. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa STD ne sau da yawa sosai kamu da likitoci.

Wani misali na wani kamuwa da cuta da bloodborne watsa inji shi ne HIV. Lokacin da cutar rinjayar da rigakafi da tsarin. Yana hankali karya saukar har sai da samuwar AIDS (samun immunodeficiency ciwo). Pathogen - wani virus na retrovirus iyali. A tushen kamuwa da cuta abubuwa rashin lafiya mutum.

Jima'i kuma a tsaye watsa hanyoyin su ne asali (na halitta), a wannan cuta. wucin gadi hanya (parenteral kuma dashi) kuma ana aiwatar rayayye. Lokacin da cutar shiga a cikinta, ta hanyar karya fata, ko mucous membranes da warkewa da kuma bincike hanyoyin, Drug Administration, yi jarfa a nonsterile yanayi.

nosocomial cututtuka

Abin kula ne musamman ne asibiti-samu cututtuka (HAI). Wannan ne mai matukar tsanani matsalar. Lokacin da mutane kama nosocomial cututtuka a kan m zuwa asibiti ko neman magani. Nosocomial cututtuka sa babba lalacewar kiwon lafiya. Bugu da kari, sun kara tsawon lokacin da magani da kuma tsaya a wani likita ma'aikata, dalili rikitarwa, kuma wani lokacin ma da kai ga mutuwa.

Hanyar watsa a bambancin likita makaman. Pathogens shiga cikin jikin mutane a matsayin halitta (faecal-baka, aerosol da inhalatory) ko wucin gadi (a lokacin cin zali warkewa da kuma bincike hanyoyin) take nufi. Nosocomial cututtuka faruwa ba kawai saboda ba a kiyaye da tsafta-hygienic kuma anti-annoba gwamnatin, amma kuma saboda zargin kwayoyin resistant zuwa da tsoka da kwayoyi, maganin rigakafi, da kuma m muhalli dalilai.

A ƙarshe, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa ga kowace cuta peculiar wasu hanyoyi (hanyoyin) na watsa daga cututtuka. Sanin game da yadda da kamuwa da cuta auku, yana yiwuwa su hana abin da ya faru a wasu cututtuka (misali, ba su yi amfani da datti kayayyakin, guje wa m jima'i, kai mai lafiya salon da kuma yanke da miyagun ƙwayoyi).