Da kaddarorin Wutan. Strong da kuma raunana Wutan. Wutan - abin da yake da shi?

Excellent lantarki conductors - zinariya, jan, da baƙin ƙarfe, aluminum, gami. Tare da su, akwai wani babban rukuni na ba na ƙarfe ba kayan, melts kuma mai ruwa-ruwa mafita wanda ya hada da mallake watsin dukiya. Wannan karfi da kwasfansu, acid, wasu gishiri, tare ake magana a kai a matsayin "electrolyte". Mene ne ionic watsin? Bari mu ga abin da suna da electrolyte abu da na kowa.

Wanne barbashi kawo zargin?

Duniya tana cike da daban-daban conductors da insulators. Wadannan Properties jikuna da abubuwa da aka sani tun lokacin da. Greek lissafi Thales da kwarewa da amber (a Greek - "electron"). Shafa shi a kan siliki, masana kimiyya sun lura da sabon abu na nauyi gashi, ulu zaruruwa. Daga baya ya zama sananne cewa amber ne wani insulator. A kan wannan al'amari babu barbashi da zai iya kawo wutar lantarki. Good conductors - karafa. A cikin tsarin sunadaran gabatar, tabbatacce ions da kuma free, infinitesimal korau barbashi - electrons. Sun bayar da canja wurin zargin lokacin da yanzu aka wuce. Strong Wutan a bushe siffan ba dauke da free barbashi. Amma lokacin da rushe, kuma dab da crystal raga da aka halakar da rabuwa covalent bond.

Ruwa, ba-Wutan da Wutan. Mene ne rushe?

Biyan ko attaching electrons, sunadaran ƙarfe da nonmetallic abubuwa suna tuba zuwa ions. Tsakanin su a cikin crystal raga akwai quite wani karfi jam'iyya. The rushe ko narkewa na ionic mahadi, msl, sodium chloride, take kaiwa zuwa ta hallaka. A wani iyakacin duniya kwayoyin hade ko free ions, suka tashi daga hulda da ruwa. A 30-ies na XIX karni, Michael Faraday gano cewa mafita daga wasu abubuwa gudanar da wutar lantarki. The masanin kimiyya gabatar a cikin kimiyya da irin wannan muhimmanci Concepts:

• ions (caje barbashi).
• Wutan (na biyu irin conductors).
• cathode.
• anode.

Akwai sadarwa - karfi Wutan, crystalline raga wanda ya hallaka tare da a saki ions.

Akwai insoluble kayan da waɗannan da aka adana a cikin kwayoyin form, msl, sugar, formaldehyde. Irin wannan mahadi ake kira ba Wutan. Domin su, halin da samuwar caje barbashi. Rauni Wutan (carbonic acid da acetic acid, ammonium hydroxide da sauran abubuwa) dauke da kadan ions.

A ka'idar electrolytic dissociation

A cikin ayyukansu, da Sweden masanin kimiyya S. Arrhenius (1859-1927) ya ginu ne kan Faraday ta karshe. A kara bayyana matsayin ansa ka'idar Rasha bincike I. sheqa da kuma B. Kistyakovsky. Sun gano cewa rushe da kuma narkewa form ions yi ba duk abubuwa da kuma Wutan kawai. Mene ne dissociation daga S. Arrhenius? Wannan shi ne halakar da kwayoyin, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa caje barbashi a mafita da kuma melts. Babban msar tambayar matsayin S. Arrhenius:

1. Kwasfanta, acid da kuma salts a cikin bayani ne a wani barranta form.
2. Reversibly dissociate cikin ions karfi Wutan.
3. Rauni form kananan ions.

An nuna alama mataki na dissociation wakili (sau da yawa bayyana a matsayin mai yawan) ne rabo na yawan kwayoyin a cikin ions rududdugaggu, kuma jimlar yawan barbashi a bayani. Wutan suke da karfi, idan darajar wannan siga a kan 30%, a rauni - kasa da 3%.

Da kaddarorin Wutan

A msar tambayar karshe S. Arrhenius taimaka da karin 'yan karatu na zahiri da kuma sinadaran tafiyar matakai a mafita da kuma melts, gudanar da Rasha masana kimiyya. Samu bayani Properties na sansanonin da kuma acid. Tsohon hada da mahadi kawai karfe ions wanda za a iya gano a mafita daga cations, anions ne barbashi OH ^-. Kwayoyin acid fada cikin mummunan ions acid saura kuma hydrogen protons (H ^+). The motsi na ions a cikin bayani da kuma narke - m. Ka yi la'akari da sakamakon gwajin ga wanda kana bukatar ka tattara sarkar hada da carbon wayoyin da kuma talakawa haske kwan fitila. Tabbatar watsin na mafita daga daban-daban abubuwa: sodium chloride, sukari da kuma acetic acid (na farko da biyu - Wutan). Mene ne wani lantarki kewaye? Wannan halin yanzu tushen da kuma conductors juna. Lokacin da rufe kewaye kwan fitila zai ƙone haske a cikin Saline. The motsi na ions yakan mallaki orderliness. Anions ake nufi ga m lantarki da kuma cations - ga korau.

A wannan tsari, acetic acid da aka hannu a wani karamin adadin caje barbashi. Sugar ne ba electrolyte ba gudanar halin yanzu. Tsakanin wayoyin a cikin wannan bayani zai zama da insulating Layer, hasken ba zai haskaka.

Chemical hulda tsakanin Wutan

Lokacin da draining ruwaye iya tsayar da hali na Wutan. Mene ne ionic lissafai na irin halayen? Ka yi la'akari da misalin sinadaran hulda tsakanin barium chloride , kuma sodium nitrate:

2NaNO ₃ + BaCl ₂ + = 2NaCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2.}

Electrolyte dabara za a iya rubuta a ionic form:

^{2Na + + 2NO 3- + Ba 2+} + 2Cl - = 2Na + + 2Cl - + Ba 2+ + 2NO 3-.

Taken dauki abu - karfi Wutan. A wannan yanayin, da abun da ke ciki na ions ba ya canja. Chemical hulda tsakanin electrolyte mafita yiwu a uku lokuta:

1. Idan wani samfurin ne insoluble abu.

Kwayoyin lissafi: Na ₂ SO ₄ + BaCl ₂ = BaSO ₄ + 2NaCl.

Mun rubuta abun da ke ciki na Wutan a cikin nau'i na ions:

2Na ^{+ +} SO ₄ ²⁺ Ba ²⁺ + 2Cl ^- = BaSO _{4 (fari precipitate)} ⁺ 2Na + 2Cl ^-.

2. Daya daga cikin sakamakon kayayyakin - gas.

3. Daga cikin dauki kayayyakin ne mai rauni electrolyte.

Ruwa - daya daga cikin mafi rauni Wutan

Chemically m ruwa (distilled) bai gudanar da lantarki. Amma a cikin abun da ke ciki da kananan yawan caje barbashi. Wannan protons H ⁺ anions da OH ^-. Dissociation shigarsu a negligible yawan ruwa kwayoyin. Akwai darajar - ionic samfurin na ruwa wanda shi ne m at 25 ° C. Yana ba ka damar sanin maida hankali H ⁺ kuma OH ^-. M hydrogen ions a acid mafita, hydroxide anions more a alkalis. A tsaka tsaki - wannan adadin H ⁺ kuma OH ^-. A matsakaici ma characterizes mafita PH darajar (PH). A mafi girma shi ne, da mafi hydroxide ions ba. Matsakaici ne tsaka tsaki a PH kewayon kusa 6.7. A gaban H ⁺ kuma OH ^- canza su launi-nuna alama abubuwa: litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange da sauransu.

Da kaddarorin mafita da kuma melts na Wutan suna yadu amfani da masana'antu, aikin injiniya, aikin noma da kuma magani. Kimiyya ma'ana aza da dama da fice masana kimiyya ya bayyana da hali na barbashi wanda ya kunshi gishiri, acid da kuma sansanonin sojin. Wadannan mafita faruwa mahara ion musayar dauki. Suna amfani da dama masana'antu tafiyar matakai, electrochemistry, electroplating. Matakai a talikan ma faruwa tsakanin ions a cikin bayani. Mutane da yawa karafa da kuma nonmetals, mai guba a cikin nau'i na kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin, ba makawa a cikin nau'i na cajin barbashi (sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus da sauransu).