Yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta? Aerobic da anaerobic kwayoyin. Musamman na numfashi prokaryotes

Kusan duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a duniya bukatar aiwatar da numfasawa. Oxygen ne daya daga cikin na kowa oxidizers a cikin numfashi sarkar dabbobi, shuke-shuke, protists, da yawa kwayoyin. Duk da haka, ba kowa da kowa ya san yadda jikin mu bambanta a cikin wuya daga cikin tsarin da kananan sel kwayoyin. The tambaya: yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta? Ne hanyar da samun makamashi daga namu?

Kada duk kwayoyin numfashi oxygen?

Ba kowa ba ne ya sani cewa oxygen ba ko da yaushe wani zama dole bangaren a cikin numfashi sarkar. Yana taka yafi rawar da wani electron Mai karɓar, duk da haka mai kyau da gas da aka oxidized da reacts tare da hydrogen protons. ATP - wannan shi ne dalilin da cewa duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta numfashi. Duk da haka, da yawa iri kwayoyin yi ba tare da oxygen, da kuma har yanzu samun wani coveted tushen samar da makamashi kamar yadda adenosine triphosphate. Yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta na da irin wannan?

Kan aiwatar da numfasawa a jikin mu faruwa a matakai biyu. A farko daga cikin wadannan - anaerobic - ba ya bukatar gaban oxygen a cikin cell, kuma shi yana bukatar kawai kafofin na carbon da hydrogen proton acceptors. A mataki na biyu - aerobic - faruwa na musamman a gaban oxygen da kuma halin da manyan yawan phased halayen.

A kwayoyin cuta, wadda ba sha oxygen da kuma ba amfani da shi domin numfasawa na faruwa ne kawai anaerobic mataki. Bayan samun digiri kwayoyin ma sami ATP, amma adadin ne sosai daban-daban daga abin da muka sami bayan da nassi na biyu numfashi, saukarwa. Sai dai itace cewa ba duk kwayoyin numfashi oxygen.

ATP - duniya tushen samar da makamashi

Ga wani na jiki, yana da muhimmanci don kula da rayuwar. Saboda haka, wajibi ne a aiwatar da juyin halitta a sami hanyoyin makamashi da cewa ana yin amfani da za su iya samar da isasshen albarkatun domin kwarara daga dukan zama dole halayen a cikin cell. Da farko ya zo da fermentation na kwayoyin: da haka ya kira mataki na glycolysis ko anaerobic numfasawa mataki na prokaryotes. Kuma a sa'an nan a cikin mafi m kwayar kwayoyin samo asali adaptations, da wanda, tare da sa hannu na yanayi oxygen numfashi yadda ya dace muhimmanci karu. Saboda haka akwai wani aerobic mataki na salula numfasawa.

Yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta? Grade 6 makaranta hanya na ilmin halitta ya nuna cewa ga wani kwayoyin yana da muhimmanci a sami wasu gwargwado na makamashi. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta ta zama a adana a musamman hada wannan kwayoyin kira adenosine triphosphate.

ATP ne da makamashi mai arzikin abu, wanda dogara ne a kan carbon na pentose zobe nitrogen tushe (adenosine). Tashi daga shi phosphate sharan tsakanin wanda aka kafa high-makamashi shaidu. Tare da halakar daya daga su saki wani talakawan na game da 40 KJ, kuma daya ATP kwayoyin ne iya taskace a kalla uku phosphate sharan. Saboda haka, idan decomposes ATP zuwa ADP (adenoziddifosfat), tantanin halitta na'am 40 KJ makamashi a lokacin dephosphorylation. Kuma, mataimakin versa, na faruwa ne ta phosphorylation ajiya na ADP zuwa ATP makamashi kashe kudi.

Glycolysis kwayan cell ba 2 ATP kwayoyin lokacin da aerobic numfasawa kammala mataki na iya samar da tantanin halitta 36 nan da nan kwayoyin da abu. Saboda haka, tambaya "Yaya numfashi da kwayoyin cuta?" Amsar za a iya bai wa wadannan: da numfashi tsari ga dama prokaryotes ne da samuwar ATP ba tare da kasancewar oxygen da kuma halin kaka.

Yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta? daban na numfashi

Tare da oxygen duk prokaryotes ya kasu kashi da dama kungiyoyin. Daga cikin su:

1. Obligate anaerobes.
2. Facultative anaerobes.
3. Obligate aerobes.

Na farko da kungiyar ta kunshi wadanda kwayoyin da cewa ba zai iya rayuwa a oxygen yanayi. O2 domin su mai guba da take kaiwa zuwa cell mutuwa. Misalan irin kwayoyin cuta na iya zama zalla symbiotic prokaryotes cewa kasance a cikin wani kwayoyin da in babu oxygen.

Na biyu kungiyar qunshi wadanda iri prokaryotes, wanda rayayye radiyo da kuma girma da in babu oxygen, amma a kananan yawan shi a cikin yanayi ba ya haifar da m sakamakon. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta ne saprophytes da kuma wasu parasites.

Yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta na uku kungiyar? Wadannan prokaryotes ne daban-daban a cikin abin da suka iya kawai rayuwa a cikin yanayi na da kyau aerosolization. Idan babu isasshen oxygen a cikin iska, wadannan Kwayoyin mutu da sauri, saboda yana da muhimmanci numfashi O2.

A fermentation ne daban-daban daga numfashi oxygen?

Fermentation a kwayoyin cuta - yana da guda aiwatar da glycolysis, wanda a jinsuna daban na prokaryotes iya ba daban-daban dauki kayayyakin. Alal misali, lactic acid fermentation take kaiwa ga samuwar wata da-samfurin na lactic acid, giya fermentation - ethanol da carbon dioxide, da mai-tsami - butyric (butanoic acid), da dai sauransu ...

Oxygen numfashi - shi ne mai cikakken jerin matakai fara daga mataki glycolysis ta samar da pyruvic acid, da kuma kawo karshen tare da ci gaba da CO2, H2O da kuma makamashi. Recent halayen dauki wuri a karkashin gaban oxygen.

Yadda numfashi da kwayoyin cuta? Biology (Grade 6) School Course na Ilimin halittu kanana

A makaranta, an bã mu kawai sauki sanin yadda aiwatar da numfashi prokaryotes. Mitochondria daga wadannan kwayoyin ba, duk da haka, da mesosoma - protrusions na cytoplasmic membrane a cikin cell. Amma wadannan Tsarin ba wasa mafi muhimmiyar rawa a numfasawa na kwayoyin.

Tun da tashin - wani irin glycolysis, yana daukan wuri a cikin cytoplasm na prokaryotes. Akwai ma suna da yawa enzymes da ake bukata domin dukan sarkar da halayen. All, ba tare da togiya, da kwayoyin farko biyu kwayoyin na pyruvic acid samar da wani mutum. Kuma a sa'an nan suka jũya zuwa wasu by-kayayyakin, wanda ke dogara a kan irin fermentation.

ƙarshe

Duniya prokaryotes, duk da bayyana sauki daga salula kungiyar, cike da rikitarwa da kuma wani lokacin inexplicable lokacin. Yanzu akwai wani amsar kamar numfashi kwayoyin zahiri, saboda ba dukan su ba bukatar oxygen. A akasin wannan, mafi riga sun saba da amfani da wasu, kasa m hanyar samun makamashi - fermentation.