Ribosome - menene wannan? A tsarin da ribosome

Kowane cell na wani kwayoyin yana da wani hadadden tsarin hada da wani jam'i na gyara.

A takaice, sel da tsarin

Ya ƙunshi wani membrane, cytoplasm, da wasu gabbansa, wanda aka located, kazalika da tsakiya (sai dai prokaryotes) a cikin abin da akwai DNA din. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani ƙarin m tsarin kan membrane. A dabba Kwayoyin ne glycocalyx, a duk sauran - cell bango. A shuke-shuke, shi ne hada da cellulose, a fungi - daga chitin, kwayoyin - daga murein. A membrane kunshi uku yadudduka: biyu phospholipid da kuma gina jiki therebetween. An pores ta hanyar abin da canja wurin da abubuwa kwashe a kuma fitar. Kusa da kowane rami ne na musamman kai sunadaran cewa an shige cikin cell kawai wasu abubuwa. Wasu gabbansa dabba Kwayoyin suna da wadannan:

• mitochondria, wanda aiki a matsayin asalin "ikon" (a cikin abin da aiwatar da cell numfasawa da kira na makamashi).
• lysosomes dake dauke da musamman enzymes ga metabolism.
• Golgi inji for adanar da gyaggyarawa wasu abubuwa.
• endoplasmic reticulum, wanda wajibi ne ga sufuri da na sinadarai.
• centrosome hada biyu centrioles, wanda suna da hannu a cikin fission tsari.
• nucleolus, wanda shirya metabolism da kuma haifar da wasu wasu gabbansa.

• ribosomes, wanda muka sosai tattauna a wannan talifin.
• shuka Kwayoyin suna da ƙarin wasu gabbansa: da vacuole, wanda wajibi ne ga jari na maras so abubuwa dangane da rashin iyawa don fitarwa da su zuwa ga a waje saboda karfi cell bango. plastids, wanda ya kasu kashi leucoplasts (da alhakin ajiya na gina jiki sinadaran mahadi). chromoplasts dauke da launi pigments. chloroplast, wanda shi ne inda chlorophyll da photosynthesis.

Ribosome - menene wannan?

Tun da muna magana ne game da shi a wannan labarin, shi ne ma'ana ga tambaye wannan tambaya. Ribosome - wannan organelle, wanda za a iya located a cikin matsanancin gefen bangon na Golgi hadaddun. Wajibi ne a bayyana kara da cewa ribosome - shi da wasu gabbansa kunshe ne a cikin sel a sosai manyan yawa. Daya zai iya zuwa har dubu goma.

Ina data ne da wasu gabbansa?

Saboda haka, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da ribosome - wani tsarin da cewa shi ne a kan ganuwar da Golgi hadaddun. Har ila yau yana iya matsar da yardar kaina a cikin cytoplasm. The uku zaɓi, wanda za a iya positioned ribosome - da jikin tantanin. Kuma waɗanda wasu gabbansa da aka samu a wannan wuri, kusan ba su bar shi, kuma suna tsit.

Ribosome - tsarin

Kazalika, wannan kama wani organelle? Ta dubi kamar wayar da bututu. Ribosome eukaryotes da prokaryotes kunshi sassa biyu, daya daga wanda ke da fiye da sauran - kasa. Amma biyu daga da aka gyara an ba shiga tare, a lokacin da shi ne a sauran. Wannan kawai ya faru a lokacin da ribosome Kwayoyin nan da nan za a fara yin su ayyuka. Ayyuka da za a tattauna daga baya. Ribosome, tsarin wanda aka bayyana a cikin labarin, kuma kunshi wani Manzo RNA da kuma canja wurin RNA. Wadannan abubuwa da ake bukata don rubuta a kan su da zama dole bayani game da cell sunadaran. Ribosome Gininsu, wanda muka duba yiwuwar, yana da wani membrane. Its subunit (abin da ake kira biyu na ta rabin) ba kare.

Menene wannan organelle a cikin cell?

Mene ne alhakin abin da ribosome - gina jiki kira. Yana auku a kan tushen da bayanai da aka rubuta a kan haka da ake kira manzo RNA (ribonucleic acid). Ribosome tsarin inda muka gani a sama, shiga cikin biyu subunits na kawai a lokacin gina jiki kira - aiwatar kira translation. A wannan hanya, hada polypeptide sarkar dake tsakanin biyu subunits na wani ribosome.

Ina za su kafa?

Ribosome - organelle, wanda aka halitta da nucleolus. Wannan hanya faruwa a goma, saukarwa, a lokacin da sunadaran hankali kafa kananan da manyan subunits.

Ta yaya ne samuwar sunadaran?

A biosynthesis sunadaran faruwa a dama, saukarwa. Na farkon su - shi ne da amino acid kunnawa. A total na ashirin akwai, ta hanyar hada su a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban, za ka iya samun biliyoyin daban-daban sunadarai. Cikin wannan lokaci na amino acid kafa aminoalits-tRNA. Wannan hanya ba zai yiwu ba tare da sa hannu na ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Har ila yau, wannan tsari na bukatar da magnesium cations. A mataki na biyu - ne qaddamarwa na da polypeptide sarkar, ko aiwatar da hada biyu subunits da ribosome, kuma da isar da shi da muhimmanci amino acid. A wannan tsari ma shiga magnesium ions da GTP (guanosine triphosphate). The uku mataki ne ake kira elongation. Wannan kai tsaye kira na polypeptide sarkar. Yana da yake faruwa translation Hanyar. Ƙarshe - na gaba mataki - aiwatar da Lalacewar ribosomes a kan mutum subunits da phasing daga cikin kira na a polypeptide sarkar. Next zo matakin karshe - biyar - An sarrafa. A wannan mataki da kafa hadaddun Tsarin da suke da riga shirye don amfani da su sauki sunadaran amino acid sarkar. Wannan tsari ya shafi takamaiman enzymes, da kuma cofactors.

furotin tsarin

Tun da ribosome sifa da aiki da muka tattauna a wannan labarin, shi ne alhakin da kira na sunadarai, sa'an nan bari mu dubi cikakken bayani game da su tsari. Yana da wani primary, secondary, manyan da quaternary. A farko tsarin da gina jiki - a tsare jerin samar da amino acid da aka shirya kafa ba kwayoyin fili. A sakandare tsarin sifar sunadaran ne polypeptide sarkar kafa daga alpha-helices da beta-zanen gado. A manyan tsarin da gina jiki na samar da wani hade da alpha-helices da beta-zanen gado. A quaternary tsari ne guda a cikin samuwar guda macromolecular samuwar. Wannan ne mai hade da alpha-helices da beta-Tsarin tsari globules ko fibrils. Bisa wannan ka'ida, biyu nau'o'in sunadaran da za a iya gano - fibrous da globular. Daga cikin tsohon ne kamar actin da myosin, da tsoka wanda aka kafa. Misalai na biyu zai iya bauta wa haemoglobin, immunoglobulin da sauransu. Fibrillar sunadaran kama wani filament fiber. Globular mafi kamar tangle na interwoven tsakanin wani alpha-helices da beta-zanen gado.

Mene ne denaturation?

Kowa dole ya ji maganar. Denaturation - ne tsari na halakar da furotin da tsarin - na farko quaternary, manyan sa'an nan, kuma bayan - da kuma sakandare. A wasu lokuta, a can ne kuma da kawar da farko tsarin da gina jiki. Wannan tsari na iya faruwa saboda daukan hotuna zuwa wannan high zafin jiki na kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, denaturation na gina jiki za a iya lura a lokacin da ruwan qwai. A mafi yawan lokuta, wannan tsari ne babu ja. Saboda haka, a zazzabi sama da arba'in da biyu digiri fara denaturation na haemoglobin haka mai tsanani hyperthermia barazana ga rayuwa. Denaturation sunadarai zuwa takamaiman nucleic acid za a iya lura a cikin narkewa kamar tsari, lokacin amfani da enzyme cleaves jiki hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi zuwa mafi sauki.

ƙarshe

Da muhimmancin da ribosome ne mai wuya a overestimate. Su ne tushen wanzuwar Kwayoyin. Saboda wadannan da wasu gabbansa, zai iya haifar da da sunadaran da cewa shi yana bukatar da dama ayyuka. Organic mahadi kafa ribosomes iya taka m rawa a cikin kai, da muhimmancin kara kuzari, kayan gini domin Kwayoyin, enzymatic, kullum (da yawa hormones ne gina jiki tsarin). Saboda haka, muna iya cewa ribosome yin daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan a cikin cell. Me su ne sosai - cell ko da yaushe bukatar da kayayyakin hada da wadannan da wasu gabbansa.