Halitta karba-karba. Latitudinal da altitudinal zonation

Kowa ya san cewa a duniya da hasken rana zafi rarraba ne m saboda da siffar zobe siffar na duniya. A sakamakon wannan daban-daban nau'i na halitta tsarin, inda duk aka gyara a kowane hankali da alaka da juna da kuma kafa halitta zone wanda ya auku a kan dukkan nahiyoyi. Idan muka bi Flora da fauna a wannan yankunan, amma a kan daban-daban nahiyoyi, za mu iya ganin wasu kamance.

Kasa karba-karba dokar

Scientist V. V. Dokuchaev a lokaci halitta rukunan halitta yankunan, da kuma bayyana tunani na cewa kowane sashi - wata halitta hadaddun, inda da rai ko maras rai yanayi ne a hankali m. Daga bisani, a kan wannan hasashe, da farko, cancantar aka kafa rukunan, wanda aka mai ladabi da kuma more daki-daki ta sauran masu bincike LS Berg.

Daban-daban siffofin karba-karba saboda da bambancin da abun da ke ciki na labarin kasa cover da kuma rinjayar biyu main dalilai: makamashi na Sun kuma Duniya ta makamashi. Yana da da wadannan dalilai hade halitta karba-karba, wanda aka bayyana a cikin rarraba da teku, da dama ƙasa da tsarinta. A sakamakon haka, daban-daban na halitta gidaje da aka kafa, da kuma most of su ne a kasa zone wanda yake kusa da yanayin zones bayyana BP Alisova).

Ware wadannan yanayin zones: Equatorial, biyu subequatorial, na wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropical, temperate, subpolar da iyakacin duniya (Arctic da Antarctic). Kasa zone kasu kashi zones, wanda shi ne magana mafi musamman.

Mene ne latitudinal karba-karba

Halitta yankunan da dangantaka da yanayin zones kuma, Saboda haka zones a matsayin belts hankali maye gurbin juna, motsi daga ekweita da sandunan, inda hasken rana zafi an rage da kuma canza ruwan sama. Irin wannan canji na manyan halitta gidaje kira latitudinal zonation, wanda bayyana kanta a duk halitta yankunan, ko da kuwa size.

Mene ne a high-Yunƙurin karba-karba

A map za a iya gani, idan muka matsa daga arewa zuwa gabas, a cikin kowane Gwargwadon zone gana da Gwargwadon karba-karba, tun da Arctic hamada, wucewa zuwa tundra, a kan ga tundra, taiga, gauraye da deciduous gandun daji, gandun daji-steppe da steppe, kuma a karshe da hamada da subtropics. Sun mika daga gabas zuwa yamma rariya, amma akwai ma wata shugabanci.

Mutane da yawa sani cewa mafi girma yakan a tuddai, da rabo daga zafin rana da kuma danshi ƙara canza zuwa ga wani low zazzabi, da kuma hazo a m tsari, game da shi, canza Flora da fauna. Masana kimiyya da geographers ya ba da wannan shugabanci to da sunan da - high-tsawo karba-karba (ko karba-karba), a lokacin da daya yankin bayan wani, belting dutsen a daban-daban altitudes. The canji na zone da sauri fiye da fili, daya yana da kawai ya tafi har zuwa 1 km, kuma zai kasance wani yanki. A lowermost zone ko da yaushe yayi dace da inda dutsen, da kuma kusa da shi ne don a zura sandunan, da kasa na wadannan zones za a iya samu a saman.

Kasa karba-karba dokar aiki a kan duwatsu. Daga cikin latitud dogara seasonality, kazalika da sãɓãwar dare da rana. Idan dutsen ne kusa da iyakacin duniya, sa'an nan kuma akwai za ka iya samun na iyakacin duniya dare da rana, kuma idan wuri kusa da ekweita, da rana zai zama ko da yaushe daidaita da dare.

kankara zone

Halitta karba-karba dab da sandunan na duniya, da ake kira kankara. A tsaurara sauyin yanayi, inda dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ne duk shekara zagaye, da kuma a cikin warmest watan da yawan zafin jiki ba ya tashi sama zuwa 0 °. Snow maida hankali ne akan dukan duniya, ko da yake ba cewa da rana haskakawa kewaye da Agogon watanni da dama, amma ba warms shi.

A ma matsananci yanayi a glacial zone zaune kananan dabbobi (White Bear, penguins, like, walruses, fox, reindeer), har yanzu kasa yiwu saduwa da tsire-tsire kamar yadda kafa tsari a wani wuri mataki na ci gaba, da kuma yafi sami gudun hijira shuka (Lichen gansakuka, algae).

tundra zone

Zone sanyi da tsananin iska, inda m da kuma dogon hunturu short bazara, saboda abin da ƙasa yana da wani lokacin da za a dumama da kuma samar da wani Multi-Layer na daskararre ƙasa.

Dokar karba-karba aiki ko a cikin tundra kuma ya raba shi cikin uku sub-zones, motsi daga arewa zuwa kudu: da Arctic tundra, inda ta ke tsiro da yafi gansakuka da lichens hali na lichen-gansakuka tundra, inda akwai wuraren shrubs, rarraba ta hanyar Vaigach zuwa Kolyma, da kuma ta Kudu shrub tundra, inda nan tsirin kunshi uku matakan.

Ya kamata mu ma ambaci tundra wanda kara wani bakin ciki tsiri da shi ne miƙa mulki zone tsakanin tundra da gandun daji.

taiga zone

Domin da Rasha Taiga - most halitta yanki, wanda lullube daga yammacin iyakar kasar zuwa Tekun Okhotsk da kuma Tekun Japan. Taiga adana a cikin biyu sauyin yanayi zones, inda bambance-bambance faruwa a cikinta.

Wannan halitta karba-karba mayar da hankali a manyan yawan tabkuna da kuma Marshes, kuma shi ne a nan fãra mai girma kõguna a Rasha, Volga, Kama, Lena, Viluy da sauransu.

Babban abu na shuka duniya - coniferous gandun daji mamaye larch, ƙasa da na kowa spruce, fir, Pine. The dabba duniya ne da iri-irin da kuma gabashin ɓangare na taiga ne aukaka fiye da yammacin.

Forest, gandun daji steppe da steppe

A sashi na gauraye da m-Leaved gandun daji sauyin yanayi ne warmer da kuma wetter, kuma yana da kyau gano latitudinal karba-karba. Winter ne kasa mai tsanani, lokacin bazaar ne tsawo da dumi, wanda ya inganta ci gaban da itatuwa irin su itacen oak, ash, Maple, Linden, Hazel. Saboda da hadaddun shuka al'umma a wannan sashi bambanta fauna, da kuma, alal misali, a kan Gabas Turai Bayyana kowa bison, muskrat, daji boar, kerkẽci, muz.

Zone na gauraye gandun daji ne aukaka fiye da conifers, kuma akwai manyan herbivores da kuma mai girma iri-iri tsuntsaye. Kasa karba-karba na daban-daban yawa daga cikin kogin daruna, wasu daga waxanda suke a cikin hunturu ba daskare.

A mi} a mulki zone tsakanin steppe da gandun daji steppe ne, inda akwai wani canzawar gandun daji da makiyaya phytocenoses.

steppe zone

Wannan shi ne wani irin, abin da ya bayyana na halitta karba-karba. Shi ne sosai daban-daban yanayin damina daga sama da aka ambata yankunan, da kuma babban bambanci - da rashin ruwa, don haka cewa akwai wani gandun daji da kuma mamaye hatsi da kuma duk daban-daban ganye da cewa rufe duniya da a ci gaba da magana. Duk da cewa wannan yanki ne ba da isasshen ruwa, da tsire-tsire jure fari sosai, sau da yawa barin su, ƙanana da a cikin zãfi za a iya phased fita domin ya hana evaporation.

A fauna ne mafi bambancin: akwai hoofed dabbobi, hakori, dabbobi masu cin nama. A Rasha Steppe ne mafi adam bincike da kuma babban noma yankin.

Matakan da ake samu a arewaci da kuma kudancin yammancin duniya, amma suna da hankali bace saboda da noma ta duniya, wuta, dabbõbi.

Latitudinal da altitudinal zonation samu a matakan, don haka suka kasu kashi da dama subspecies: dutsen (misali, da Caucasus Mountains), makiyaya (halayyar Yammacin Siberia), xerophilous, inda da yawa dernovidnnyh hatsi, da kuma hamada (suka zama Kalmykia steppe).

A hamada da na Arewacin

Kwatsam canje-canje a cikin muhalli da yanayi saboda danshin ya wuce sau da yawa hazo (7 sau), da kuma tsawon irin wannan lokaci na har zuwa watanni shida. A tsirin yankin ne ba mai arziki, kuma yafi sami ciyawa, shrubs, da gandun daji za a iya gani kawai tare da koguna. The dabba duniya ne ya aukaka kuma a bit kama da wanda ya faru a cikin steppe zone: da yawa hakori da dabbobi masu rarrafe, ungulates da kuma yin ɗimuwa a cikin kewaye.

Yana dauke da most hamada Sahara, amma a general wannan halitta karba-karba ne halayyar 11% na duniya ta samanta, kuma idan muka ƙara Arctic jeji, sa'an nan 20%. Hamada da ake samu a cikin temperate zone na arewacin yammancin duniya da kuma a cikin tropics da subtropics.

Unambiguous definition na yammacin sahara ba ya wanzu, ya zama ruwan dare yanayin zones: wurare masu zafi, da Equatorial da sub-Equatorial, inda akwai kamanni a cikin gandun daji abun da ke ciki, amma tare da wasu bambance-bambance.

Raba duk gandun daji a cikin Savannah, gandun daji da kuma subtropical rainforests. Su kowa alama ne cewa itatuwa ne ko da yaushe kore, da kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan bangarori na tsawon na bushe da ruwa lokaci. A savannas ruwa zamani yana 8-9 watanni. Subtropical gandun daji halayyar da gabashin nahiyar gefe, inda canji a cikin rani na hunturu da kuma gumi lokacin bazaar da damina. Tropical Forest halin da babban mataki na humidification da kuma hazo iya wuce 2000 mm.