Darussa daga tarihi: shugabannin White motsi

A cikin yakin basasa a kan Bolsheviks kasance iri-iri na sojojin. A da Cossacks, nationalists, Democrats, monarchists. Duk da su, duk da bambance-bambance, su ne White hali. Ci, da shugabannin, anti-Soviet sojojin ko dai matattu ko iya hijira.

Alexander Kolchak

Duk da yake adawa da Bolsheviks bai zama cikakken jituwa tsakanin, wato Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak (1874-1920) yana dauke da yawa masana tarihi da babban adadi na White motsi. Ya kasance mai sana'a soja da kuma ya bauta wa, a cikin Navy. A peacetime, Kolchak ya zama shahararren matsayin iyakacin duniya mai bincike da kuma masanin kimiyya-oceanographer.

Kamar sauran masu sana'a sojoji, Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak wani mai-arziki da kwarewa a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe Japan da kuma yakin duniya na farko. Da zuwan na wucin gwamnatin, ya taƙaice mayar da su cikin USA. Lokacin da labarai ya zo daga mahaifarsa na Bolshevik juyin juya hali, Kolchak koma zuwa Rasha.

Admiral zo a cikin Siberian Omsk, inda SR gwamnati ya sanya ta yaki ministan. A shekarar 1918, jami'an da sanya wani juyin mulki da kuma aka mai suna Kolchak m mulkin Rasha. Sauran shugabannin da White motsi bai mallaki irin wannan babban karfi kamar yadda Alexander (a mahallinsa shi ne 150,000th sojojin).

A cikin ƙasa sarrafawa da Kolchak mayar da dokoki na Rasha Empire. Motsi daga Siberia zuwa yamma, Madaukaki Gwamnan Rasha sojojin sun ci gaba da Volga. A ganiya da nasararsa ya matso kusa da fari Kazan. Kolchak yi kokari ya cire kan kamar yadda zai yiwu sojojin Bolsheviks, Denikin share hanya zuwa Moscow.

A cikin rabi na biyu na shekara ta 1919, da Red Army kaddamar da wani m kai hari. White tattara m cikin Siberia. Harkokin waje, sãshensu waliyyai (Czechoslovak gidaje) ya hawa a kan jirgin kasa, gabas Kolchak SRs. Admiral harbi a Irkutsk a watan Fabrairu 1920.

Anton Denikin

Idan a gabas na Rasha ya jagoranci White Army Kolchak yana cikin kudu na wani key soja shugaban na dogon lokaci da aka Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947). An haife shi a Poland, ya tafi zuwa karatu a cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma zama wani ma'aikatan jami'in.

Denikin sa'an nan aiki a kan iyakar kasar da Austria. Da farko yakin duniya ya shafe a cikin rundunar sojojin Brusilov, ya halarci a cikin shahararrun breakout da kuma yadda ake gudanar a Galicia. Gwamnatin wucin taƙaice sanya Anton Ivanovich kwamandan na kudu maso yammacin Front. Denikin goyon Kornilov tawaye. Bayan da gazawar da juyin mulki, Lieutenant-Janar aka taƙaice a kurkuku (Bykhov wurin zama).

Yanta a watan Nuwamba 1917, ya fara tallafawa Denikin White al'amarin. Tare da generals Kornilov da Alexeyev ya halitta (sa'an nan guda-handedly jagoranci) gudummuwar Army, wanda ya zama kashin bayan da juriya ga Bolsheviks a kudancin Rasha. Shi ne da fare Denikin da Entente iko, ayyana yaki kan Soviet gwamnatin bayan da raba zaman lafiya tare da Jamus.

Wasu lokaci Denikin arangama da Don Ataman Petrom Krasnovym. A karkashin matsin lamba daga masõya biyayya Anton Ivanovich. A Janairu 1919, Denikin ya zama kwamandan VSYUR - Armed Forces of Southern Rasha. Sojojinsa barrantar da Bolsheviks Kuban, Don yankin, Tsarina, Donbass, Kharkiv. Denikin ta m bogged saukar a tsakiyar Rasha.

VSYUR tattara a Novocherkassk. Denikin koma daga can zuwa Crimea, inda a watan Afrilu 1920 a karkashin matsin lamba daga abokan adawar canjawa wuri ya da karfin iko ga Petru Vrangelyu. Wannan ya biyo ta tashi zuwa Turai. Ƙaura Janar rubuta a tarihin, "makala a kan Rasha matsaloli", a cikin abin da ya yi kokarin amsa wannan tambaya da dalilin da ya sa ya ci White motsi. A cikin yakin basasa, Anton Ivanovich roba na musamman Bolsheviks. Ya ƙi tallafa Hitler da kuma soki hadin gwiwar. Bayan da shan kashi na uku Reich Denikin aka maye gurbinsu da wurin zama da kuma mayar da su cikin US, inda ya rasu a shekarar 1947.

Lavr Kornilov

A Oganeza na wani gaza juyin mulki Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918) da aka haifa a cikin wani Cossack iyali na wani jami'in, wanda ƙaddara masa soja. Kamar yadda wani jami'in leken asiri, ya yi aiki a Farisa, Afghanistan, da kuma India. A cikin yaki, sai aka kama da Austrians, jami'in da ya gudu gida.

Da farko Lavr Georgievich Kornilov goyon gwamnatin wuccin gadi. Babban makiyan Rasha, da ya yi tunani da Hagu. Matsayin mai nemawa da wani karfi da iko, ya fara shirya zanga-zanga. Ya Maris a kan Petrograd kasa. Kornilov da magoya bayansa sun cafke.

Tare da farko na da Oktoba juyin juya halin, da janar aka saki. Ya zama na farko da shugaban gudummuwar Army a kudancin Rasha. A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1918, Kornilov shirya farko Kuban (Ice) Ziyarar zuwa Yekaterinodar. Wannan aiki ya zama almara. All shugabannin White motsi a nan gaba kokarin zama majagaba. Kornilov aka takaici kashe a lokacin da dakarun Ekaterinodar.

Nikolai Yudenich

Janar Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (1862-1933) ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi nasara Rasha generals a yaki da Jamus da kawayenta. Ya jagoranci ma'aikatan na Caucasian Army a lokacin da fadace-fadace tare da Ottoman Empire. Da zarar iko, Kerensky aika wani kwamandan da ya yi murabus.

Tare da farko na da Oktoba juyin juya halin, Nikolay Nikolaevich Yudenich yayin da rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Petrograd. A farkon shekara ta 1919, ta yin amfani da ƙirƙira takardun koma Finland. Ganawa a Helsinki Rasha kwamitin ya yi kira da shi sarki.

Yudenich kafa sadarwar da Aleksandrom Kolchakom. Tsara ayyukansu tare da Admiral, Nikolai kokarin unsuccessfully neman goyon bayan da Entente da Mannerheim. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1919, ya samu cikin fayil na ministan War a cikin abin da ake kira Arewa-Western gwamnatin kafa a Revel.

A cikin kaka na Yudenich shirya wani Maris a kan Petrograd. Amma, a fadar White motsi a cikin yakin basasa yi a kan karkata daga kasar. Yudenich sojojin, a akasin haka, kokarin 'yantar da babban birnin kasar (a sakamakon Bolshevik gwamnatin koma Moscow). Ta dauki Tsarskoye Selo, Gatchina, kuma ya zo da Pulkovo Heights. Trotsky ya iya canja wurin da dogo zuwa Petrograd ƙarfafa fiye da rusa duk wani yunkurin samun riƙe da fari birni.

By karshen 1919 tattara Yudenich Estonia. Bayan 'yan watanni ya yi hijira. Ga wasu lokaci da janar ciyar a London, inda ya ziyarci by Winston Churchill. Svyknuvshis shan kashi, Yudenich zauna a Faransa da kuma janye daga harkokin siyasa. A shekara ta 1933, ya rasu a Cannes daga huhu da tarin fuka.

Alexey Kaledin

Lokacin da Oktoba juyin juya halin ya barke, Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) wani jigo daga cikin Don sojojin. A wannan post ya kuma an zabe 'yan watanni kafin events in Petrograd. A Cossack garuruwa, da farko a Rostov, ya karfi juyayi ga Socialists. Ataman, da bambanci, ga Bolshevik juyin juya halin na laifi. Karbar damuwa labarai daga Petrograd, ya ci Soviets a cikin Don watsa shiri.

Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin sarrafa daga Novocherkassk. A watan Nuwamba, akwai zo da wani fari janar - Mikhail Alekseev. A halin yanzu, Cossacks a cikin nauyi fluctuated. Mutane da yawa sun gaji da yaki Tsohon soji sama-sama amsa zuwa ga Bolshevik taken. Wasu mallakar Lenin ta gwamnati ne tsaka tsaki. Rashin jituwa da socialists ya ba dandana kusan babu wani.

Rasa bege yi wasti da kifar da gwamnatin wucin, Kaledin tafi m matakai. Ya ayyana 'yancin kai daga Don watsa shiri. A mayar da martani ga wannan tawaye Rostov Bolsheviks. Ataman, tare da goyon baya daga Alekseeva, ya mur da sanarwa. A Don farko jini da aka zubar.

A karshen 1917 Kaledin ya ba da tafi-gaba ga halittar da anti-Bolshevik gudummuwar Army. A Rostov bayyana biyu a layi daya sojojin. A daya hannun, shi ne fari gudummuwar Army generals, a kan sauran - da gida Cossacks. Recent mafi m ga Bolsheviks. A watan Disamba, da Red Army sun shagaltar da Donbas da Taganrog. Cossack raka'a, A halin yanzu, gaba daya bazu. Farga da cewa nasa qarqashinsu ba ka so su yi yaƙi da Soviet ikon, Ataman ya kashe kansa.

ataman Krasnov

Bayan rasuwar Kaledin Cossack dogon tausaya tare da Bolsheviks. Lokacin da Don Soviet ikon da aka kafa, jiya ta gaban-line sojoji da sauri zo ƙi ja. Tuni a cikin May 1918, wani tawaye ya barke a cikin Don.

New Ataman na Don Cossacks Bitrus Krasnov (1869-1947). A lokacin yakin da Jamus da Austriya, ya, kamar sauran fari generals da suka halarci a cikin shahararrun Brusilov nasara. Don da Bolsheviks soja ko da yaushe bi da tare da kyama. Shi ne ya yi a kan umarni na Kerensky kokarin hana magoya bayan Lenin Petrograd, a lokacin da Oktoba juyin juya halin kawai cika. Kananan karfi Krasnov shagaltar Tsarskoye Selo da Gatchina, amma nan da nan da Bolsheviks kewaye da makaman da shi.

Bayan na farko da gazawar da Bitrus Krasnov ya iya motsawa zuwa ga Don. Zama anti-Soviet Cossack jigo, ya ƙi yin biyayya da Denikin da kuma kokarin bi mai zaman kanta da manufofin. A musamman, Krasnov ta kafa dangantakar abokantaka tare da Jamusawan.

Kawai a lokacin da suka sanar da sallama, ya zama ruwan dare Ataman biyayya Denikin a Berlin. Kwamandan a Chief da gudummuwar Army ba dogon jure wani dubious ɗan kura. A watan Fabrairu 1919, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Krasnov Denikin ya tafi zuwa Yudenich sojoji a Estonia. Daga can kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Turai.

Kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin shugabannin da White motsi, a zaman talala, wani tsohon Cossack Ataman yin mafarki game da wani rematch. Haƙĩka, ƙiyayya da Bolsheviks tura shi zuwa Hitler ta goyon baya. Jamus yi Krasnov shugaban na Cossacks a shagaltar da Rasha yankuna. Bayan da shan kashi na uku Reich, Birtaniya bayar Pyotr Nikolayevich Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya aka yi kokari da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Krasnov da aka kashe.

Ivan Romanovsky

Yaki Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) da sarauta zamanin ya takara a yaki da Japan da Jamus. A 1917 ya goyan bayan da sanarwa Kornilov da Denikin aka bauta wa tare da kama a garin Bykhov. Bayan motsi zuwa Don, Romanovsky halarci samuwar na farko shirya zanga-Bolshevik sojojin.

Janar Denikin aka nada mataimakinsa da kuma kulawan sandarsa. An yi imani da cewa Romanovsky da a kan wa maigidan wani babban tasiri. Nufin Denikin ko mai suna Ivan Pavlovich zai gaje shi a taron na wani m mutuwa.

Saboda su directness Romanovsky a rashin daidaito tare da wasu kwamandojin sojan kasar a Dobrarmii, sa'an nan a cikin VSYUR. White motsi a Rasha mallakar shi ambiguously. Lokacin da Denikin, Wrangel nasara, Romanovsky bar duk su posts da kuma mayar da su zuwa Istanbul. A wannan birni ya kashe Lieutenant Mstislavom Haruzinym. Maharbin, ya kuma yi aiki a fadar White Army, ya bayyana mataki da cewa roba Romanovsky VSYUR a faduwa a yakin basasa.

Sergei Markov

A gudummuwar Army Sergey Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) ya zama mai sadaukarwa gwarzo. Sunansa da aka kira rajimanti kuma canza launin sojojin. Mark ya zama sananne ga dabara basira da kuma nasu ƙarfin hali, wanda ya nuna a cikin kowane yaki tare da Red Army. Members na White motsi da musamman trepidation bi da su da memory na wannan general.

Soja biography Markov zuwa sarauta zamanin ya hali na nan jami'in. Ya halarci Japan yaƙin neman zaɓe. A kan Jamus gaban, ya umarce wani bindiga rajimanti, sa'an nan ya zama shugaban da sandunansu, da dama fronts. A lokacin rani na 1917, Markov goyon Kornilov kuma tare da sauran gaba White generals karkashin kama a Bykhov.

A farkon yakin basasa, da soja koma kudu da Rasha. Ya kasance mai kafa memba na gudummuwar Army. Markov ya yi babban taimako ga fari kwayoyin halitta a cikin Ice Maris. A cikin dare na Afrilu 16, 1918 ya kasance tare da wani karamin rukuni na masu sa kai dauki Medvedovku - wata babbar tashar jirgin, inda masu sa kai halakar da Soviet sulke jirgin kasa, sa'an nan ya barke da encirclement da suka tafi daga zalunci. yaki sakamakon da aka ceto daga Denikin sojojin, ya kawai ya sanya wani m hari Ekaterinodar da kuma a kan gãɓar rãmi na shan kashi.

Markova feat sanya shi wani gwarzo to fari da kuma wani maƙiyi ga Reds. Bayan watanni biyu kuma, da talented Janar dauki bangare a cikin Kuban laifi. A kusa da garin Shablievki kashi gana da m sojojin abokan gaba. A wani banrazana lokacin da kanka Markov tã bayyana a cikin bude, inda shi ya sanye take da kallo batu. Bisa ga matsayi na wuta da aka bude daga Red Army gashi jirgin kasa. Kusa da Sergey Leonidovich gurnati fashe, wanda ya sa shi a ga mutum rauni. A 'yan sa'o'i daga baya, 26 Yuni, 1918, da soja ya mutu.

Petr Vrangel

Petr Nikolaevich Vrangel (1878-1928), kuma aka sani da Black Baron, zo daga mai daraja iyali, kuma yana da tushen da alaka da Baltic Jamusawa. Kafin ta zama wani soja, ya samu wani aikin injiniya ilimi. Craving for soja, duk da haka, ya yi rinjaye, kuma Bitrus ya yi karatu a trooper.

Halarta a karon yaƙi Wrangel ya yaki da Japan. A lokacin farko Duniya, ya bauta wa a doki Guards. Bambanta da dama exploits, misali a cewa kama Jamus baturi. Da zarar kan yankin kudu maso yammacin gaban, jami'in da ya dauki kashi a cikin shahararrun Brusilov nasara.

A lokacin juyin juya halin Fabrairu Petro bukaci aika sojoji zuwa Petrograd. A wannan gwamnatin wucin gadi a cire shi daga sabis. Black Baron mayar da su cikin dacha a cikin Crimea, inda ya aka kama da Bolsheviks. Bafadan gudanar ya tsira kawai godiya ga entreaties matarsa.

Amma ga aristocrat da kuma goyon bayan da daular mulkinsu, domin Wrangel White ra'ayin da aka uncontested matsayi a cikin yakin basasa. Ya koma Denikin. Kwamandan sojojin suka bauta wa a Caucasian Army, ya jagoranci kama daga Tsaritsyn. Bayan da shan kashi na White Army a lokacin Maris a birnin Moscow Wrangel fara aibanta wa maigidan Denikin. A rikici ya haifar da wucin gadi tashi na Janar a Istanbul.

Ba da da ewa Petro koma zuwa Rasha. A cikin bazara na 1920, ya kuma an zabe shugaban Rasha sojojin. Tushe shi ne key Crimea. A sashin shi ne na karshe tsattsauran fari yakin basasa. Wrangel sojojin tsãwace dama hare-hare na Bolsheviks, amma a karshen kasa.

A zaman gudun hijira, da Black Baron zauna a Belgrade. Ya kafa da kuma gangarawa cikin EMRO - Rasha Soja Union, sa'an nan canja wurin shi zuwa daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Nikolai Nikolaevich. Gab da mutuwarsa, aiki a matsayin m, Pyotr Wrangel koma Brussels. Akwai ya mutu da tarin fuka a 1928.

Andrew Shkuro

Yanina Grigorevich Shkuro (1887-1947) ya asalinsa-haife Kuban Cossacks. Kamar yadda wani saurayi ya tafi da zinariya panning balaguro zuwa Siberia. A yakin da Kaiser ta Jamus Shkuro halitta a yaƙin rundunar sojojin domin tsoro lakabi da "Wolf ɗaya da ɗari."

A watan Oktoba 1917, da Cossack an zabe a Kuban yankin majalisar dokokin kasar. Da yake ina da monarchist da tofin Allah tsine, ya barnatar da mayar da martani kan labarai na zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks. Shkuro fara fafitikar da ja commissars, a lokacin da da yawa daga cikin shugabannin da White motsi ya ba tukuna da lokaci zuwa da ƙarfi bayyana kansu. A watan Yuli na shekarar 1918, Andrew G. da jam'iyyar koro Bolsheviks daga Stavropol.

A cikin kaka na Cossack tsaya a kai na farko rajimanti daga jami'an Kislovodsk, sa'an nan - da Caucasian sojan doki Division. Cif Shkuro ya Anton Ivanovich Denikin. A Ukraine, da soja m wani detachment Nestora Mahno. Ya sa'an nan ya dauki kashi a cikin watan Maris a birnin Moscow. Shkuro aka fada domin Kharkov, kuma Voronezh. A cikin wannan birnin, yakin nutsar.

Departing daga cikin sojojin Budyonny, Lieutenant-Janar sanya shi ga Novorossiysk. Daga can ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa cikin Crimea. A cikin sojojin Wrangel Shkuro na ba kama a saboda rikici da Black Baron. A sakamakon haka, da fari kyaftin ya gudun hijira ko da a gaban cikakken nasarar Red Army.

Shkuro zauna a Paris da kuma {asar Yugoslavia. Lokacin da yakin duniya na II ya fara, ya, kamar Krasnov, da goyan bayan da Nazis a cikin gwagwarmaya da Bolsheviks. Shkuro ya SS Gruppenführer da kuma a cikin wannan damar da ya yi yaƙi da Yugoslav ƙungiyõyinsu a gabãninsu. Bayan da shan kashi na uku Reich, ya yi kokarin karya a cikin ƙasa shagaltar da ta Birtaniya. A Linz, Austria Birtaniya Shkuro bayar tare da da yawa fiye da sanda. White kyaftin aka yi kokari tare da Petrom Krasnovym da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa.