Ginãwa Herman Hollerith kwakwalwa: biography da kuma hoto

A tarihin sarrafa kwamfuta fara ne da wani ra'ayin da ya halicci inji cewa zai iya karanta ko ƙara duka Multi-lambobi lambobi. A farko zane na wani 13-bit na'urar da aka ɓullo game da 1500 Vinci. Mukaddashin matsayin Summing na'urar da aka tsara da Pascal a 1642. Wadannan shahararrun ir yi mini iso, a wannan zamanin na kwakwalwa.

aiki da kai

Domin babban adadin biya ma'amaloli ba kawai gudun kisa kowane daga cikinsu, amma rashin sarari tsakanin su, a cikin abin da mutum hannu ake bukata. Mutane da yawa shahara? Ir yi kokarin warware wannan matsala. Ya zama dole, da cewa ayyukan sun sequentially daya bayan daya ba tare da katsewa.

Shirin Gabatarwa "a kan Go"

Computer tarihi ya san da yawa fice masana kimiyya suka bayar ga ci gaban aiki da kai. Saboda haka, a cikin farkon 80s. Karni na 19th, shi aka samarwa don amfani da katunan ga pre-rubuce shirye-shirye da kuma shigar da shi a cikin na'urar. Su zanen da aka Herman Hollerith. A kwamfuta kimiyya, masana kimiyya sanya wani real juyin juya halin. Bari mu bincika ya sabuwar dabara.

Herman Hollerith: biography

Haife masanin Fabrairu 29, 1860 a Buffalo. Ya kasance bakwai yaro. Mahaifinsa a 1848, ya yi hijira daga Jamus zuwa Amurka. Bayan motsi Hollerith shiga makaranta, daga abin da ya aka fitar wajen sauri. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, Herman bar aji kafin kuskure. Jagora sau daya a rufe kofa, da kuma yaron tsalle daga hawa na biyu. Bayan da cewa shi da kuma fitar da su daga makaranta. Kara ilmi Herman Hollerith samu daga malamin-Lutheran. Ya dauki darussa na tsakiya da kuma makarantar sakandare tare da shi. A 16 ya sa suna a cikin College of specialization "hakar ma'adinai". Duk da haka, saurayin ya sha'awar ba sosai da sana'a a matsayin kayan aiki. Duk da yake karatu a Columbia College, sai ya sadu da Trowbridge, wanda bayan wani lokaci ya yi masa mataimaki. Saboda haka Herman Hollerith samu ga ilimin kididdiga Office of US yawan ƙidaya.

aiki

A shekaru 19, Herman Hollerith tafi Washington, inda ya fara aikinsa. Ya zama rayayye da hannu a cikin zaman jama'a da'ira na Georgetown. Bayan wani lokaci, Hollerith gana Billings. A karshen an iko gwani a cikin bincike na ilimin kididdiga bayanai, don haka ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da darektan ga ƙidaya. Billings ce Hollerith game da ra'ayin don ƙirƙirar wani inji, wanda za a yi amfani da naushi katunan samar da wata tebur na data samu. Sauran mawallafa nuna iri biyu daga rinjayar darektan gudanarwa a kara aiki a kan zayyana da na'urar. Kamar yadda na farko, Billings da shawarar yin amfani da naushi katunan tare da bayanin irin mutum ta amfani da alamomi a kan su gefuna da kasawa da na'urar. Kamar yadda na biyu version, ya miƙa kawai don fito da wasu irin na'urar.

farko kwarewa

A 1882 Herman Hollerith aka gayyace zuwa Massachusetts Cibiyar matsayin malami. Ya yi aiki a makaranta shekara. A wannan lokaci, Hollerith ɓullo da ra'ayoyin da tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da farko kayan aiki don rikodi na bayanai a kan ƙidaya kuma arya. A 1883 ya koma Washington, inda ya fara aiki a ofishin lamban kira. The ilmi tsiwirwirinsu, akwai tabbatar da amfani da shi a matsayin kirkiro, kuma ya yi amfani da su shekaru da dama. A 1884, ya sa a gaba da ra'ayin inganta da Railway kai tsarin na birki. Ya kamata a ce game da kudi yanayin, wanda ya Herman Hollerith. Tabulator ya iya yi a farkon '80s, amma kudi ga shi, ya yi ba. A wannan yanayin, ara shi, ba wanda zai iya.

hažžožin

A St. Louis, Herman Hollerith taru lantarki birki ga jirgin kasa da ya dauki bangare a cikin gasar. A taron da aka gabatar da tsarin, aiki a kan manufa da injin da kuma ta yin amfani da matsa iska. Electro-ya aka gane a matsayin mafi kyau na biyar. Duk da haka, akwai shakku game da practicality na ta yin amfani saboda hadiri barazana. A wannan mahallin, mu yi watsi da tsarin da kuma kafa dokar kare mallakar a kan birki kasance har su ƙarewar m. A gaba firtsi corrugation na'ura da aka shambura na karfe. Ya kuma ba a farko samu da aikace-aikace, amma daga baya sai ya ɗauki kamfanin "General Motors" a cikin yi da m sadarwa.

Herman Hollerith: tabulator

A sabon patent, rajista 23 ga watan Satumba, 1884, ya zama mafi muhimmanci na duk. Herman Hollerith inji aka yi amfani ga arya na ilimin kididdiga data a kan mace-mace a Baltimore a 1887. Data 1889, a New York aka kuma sarrafa ta amfani da wannan na'urar. Da ake ji da basirar, Herman Hollerith tabbatar da cewa naushi cards - a key kashi na aiwatar da samuwar allunan. A 1887 ya sanya wani gyara ga lamban kira. Saboda wannan, da yawa industrialists yi sayayya tare da Hollerith lasisi a kan na'urar. Lokacin ƙidaya 1890 bayanai canjawa wuri zuwa kowane dan kasa katunan 73/8 × 33/4 inci. Next mu sanya a gefuna da perforations a kan kowane halayyar. Diagonally fadin daya kusurwa gutsure domin saukaka a kan aiwatar da kirgawa da kuma kasawa. A karshe aiki da aka za'ayi gani, kamar yadda sauran hanyoyin sa'an nan raya ba. Hollerith inji to da kansa gudanar da wani perforation bisa ga model. The na'urar ne sauki ga sadarwarka kuma rage yawan kurakurai.

Jigon da na'ura

Domin ta na'urar Herman Hollerith gina ta da wani taron manema farantin sanya wuya roba da kuma jagora mayar da hankali. Farantin ya samu halartar da sako. Su dace da wuri na perforations a kan taswira. A bangare, suka cika ta da Mercury da alaka tashoshi a raya daga cikin gidaje. Box located sama da farantin da lamba maki na tsinkaya. Su aka sarrafa ta marẽmari. Lokacin da katin tab a cikin latsa lamba nufi ga Mercury, da kuma kewaye da ya faru. Wannan, bi da bi, kunna kanta. Fuskarsa iya rajistar da lambar zuwa 10,000. Ya koma da wani maganadisu, karɓa mai alama via da Mercury sako 1 division. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci data aka karanta daga counter, da jimlar karshe sakamakon da aka canjawa wuri zuwa katin da hannu.

daidaito rajistan shiga

Don tabbatar da shi yana shan matakai:

1. Lokacin da Summing up aka za'ayi lokaci guda a kan da dama halaye, gwada yin rijista kowane wucewa katin. Kamar haka zai yiwu a duba sakamakon Bugu da kari ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki sigogi.
2. Lokacin da daidai naúrar wallafa wani kira rajista. Idan ya kasance ba ya nan, ya zama dole a samu da kuma gyara matsalar.
3. Danna katunan sarrafa shi da wani takamaiman code kawai, to abin da aka kaddara.
4. Punch cards, wanda ya kasance daga wannan rukunin da na kowa bude. Da taimakon da waya sanda gane gaban "kasashen waje" cards.

worldwide daraja

Hollerith san talakawa, amma a 1890 sai ya samu wata gaba daya m nasara. Ya ya iya sayayya ga 11 ƙidaya hanyoyin bayan da ya lashe gasar a 4 gundumomi na St. Louis, wanda shi ne gida zuwa fiye da dubu 10. Man. A hanya, wanda ya ci gaba Herman Hollerith, sãɓa ba kawai mafi girma gudun, amma kuma mafi girma daidaito. Kamar yadda aka kiyasta na zanen ya ajiye jihar kusan 600 dala dubu. A 1890, masana kimiyya ya juya 30. Ya aka bayar da digiri na Doctor of Falsafa. Hollerith sanya wata babbar yarjejeniyar da Amurka Census Ofishin. A tsakiyar watan Satumba na 1890, ya auri 'yar likitansa a Washington. Kusan nan da nan bayan bikin aure Hollerith shiga wata kwangila tare da Austria gwamnatin ga yin amfani da na'urorin ta a tsakiya Ofishin Statistics. Daga wannan lokacin suka fara na duniya aiki masanin kimiyya. By 1895 th naúrar na ta aikin ba kawai a Austria amma kuma a Canada. A lokaci guda tattaunawar da aka gudanar a kan samar da kayan aiki a Rasha da kuma Italiya.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Herman Hollerith son kashe lokaci tare da iyali, da aiwatar da ayyukan noma, saya motoci da gina gidaje. A aure ya yi mata uku da kuma yadda 'ya'ya da yawa. Wannan m mutum, wanda ya yi babban taimako ga statistics, ta shige a gidansa na wani ciwon zuciya Nuwamba 17, 1929. Rayuwarsa, ya kammala karatunsa a yalwace, kewaye da m mutane, a cikin farin ciki, ba wãyi gari game da duk wani rasa damar. Har karshe da ya kwana ya ƙi dukan dokokin da kuskure da kuma yarda da kansa rubũtãwa, kamar yadda ya ke so.