Dzhon Keyns. "The Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money"

Dzhona Keynsa 'General Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money "littafin da aka buga a 1936. Marubucin fassara a cikin nasu hanya sai m sabawa rubuce-rubucensu game da kai-tsari na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci.

Jihar tsari ne dole

Keynes ka'idar furta cewa, kasuwar tattalin arzikin yana da wani halitta inji don tabbatar da cikakken aiki da kuma hana raguwar samar da aikin yi da kuma tsara tara bukatar zamar masa dole ya jiha.

A siffa daga cikin ka'idar da aka bincike na da matsaloli na kowa ga dukan tattalin arzikin - zaman amfani, zuba jari, gwamnatin bayar wa, watau, da abubuwan da sanin da tasiri na tara bukatar ...

A tsakiyar karni XX Keynesian m an yi amfani a kasashe da yawa na Turai zuwa baratar da tattalin arziki manufofin. A sakamakon ya kasance wani hanzari na ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tare da rikicin na 70-80. Keynesian ka'ida an soki, kuma fifiko da aka bai wa neoliberal theories, gudanar da aiki cikin manufa wadanda ba tsangwama a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar.

tarihi mahallin

Keynes littafin alama farkon "Keynesianism" - da masana kimiyya suka kawo tattalin arzikin yammacin nauyi rikicin, da bayyana dalilai na dakushe samarwa a cikin 30s na karni na 20th kuma voicing wajen domin kareshi a nan gaba.

Dzhon Keyns, wani masanin tattalin arziki da horo, ya zarar wani ma'aikaci na sashen India Harkokin, kwamitin kudi da kudin, suka bauta wa a ma'aikatar kudi. Wannan taimake shi ya sake duba neoclassical ka'idar da tattalin arziki da kuma sa harsashin ginin wani sabon daya.

Shafa da cewa Dzhon Keyns da kuma Karin Marshall - kafa na neo-gargajiya ka'idar, ketare a Cambridge Sarki College. Keynes - a matsayin dalibi, da kuma Marshall - a cikin rawar da malami ne, yabo da godiya da ikon da ya almajiri.

A aikinsa, Keynes kuɓutar da gwamnatin tsari na tattalin arziki.

Kafin wannan tattalin arziki ka'idar don ta warware matsaloli ta hanyar microeconomic tattalin arzikin. A analysis aka iyakance ga ikon yinsa, daga cikin sha'anin, kazalika da burinta wajen rage halin kaka da kuma kara ribar. Keynes 'ka'idar sauti management na tattalin arzikin a matsayin dukan, wanda yana nuna sa hannu na jihar a cikin kasa da tattalin arziki.

A sabon tsarin kula da rikicin management

A farkon Yahaya. Keynes sukar karshe da muhawara na zamani ka'idar dangane da kasuwar Ka ce ta Shari'a. A dokar ne don sayar da nasu kayan manufacturer domin sayan wani. Mai sayarwa da mai saye zama, da tsari bada Yunƙurin zuwa bukatar, kuma wannan ya sa shi ba zai yiwu ba ga overproduction. Kila kawai da sauri narkar overproduction wasu kaya a wasu sassa. J .. Keynes nuna cewa, ban da musayar kayayyaki, akwai wani kudi musayar. Savings yi jari ayyuka, rage bukatar da kai zuwa wani overproduction na dukiya.

Kamar yadda tsayayya wa tattalin arziki, wanda ya dauke da tambaya na bukatar da bai isa a kula samorazreshayuschimsya, Keynes sanya shi a tsakiyar al'amudin macroeconomic analysis. Keynes ka'idar ne: bukatar dogara kai tsaye kan aiki.

aiki

Dokeynsianskie ka'idar ya wadãtu da rashin aikin yi a cikin iri biyu: a gogayya - wani sakamako na rashin bayani game da kasancewar ma'aikata na jobs, rashin so su matsa, da kuma son rai - a sakamako na rashin so yin aiki domin dacewa samfurin iyaka aikin biyan bashin, a cikin abin da "m" aiki ya wuce ijara. Keynes ya gabatar da Kalmar "involuntary rashin aikin yi".

A cewar neoclassical ka'idar, rashin aikin yi ya dogara da yawan aiki na da iyaka, da kuma iyakar da "m", wanda yayi dace da albashi da kayyade aiki tayin. Idan 'yan takara yarda su runtse Hakkin, da aikin yi da karuwa. Abinda wannan - dogara da aikin a kan ma'aikata.

Mene ne tunani a kan wannan John Maynard Keynes? Ka'idarsa aka hana. Aiki da ma'aikaci ne mai zaman kanta, shi ne saboda canje-canje a cikin tasiri bukatar, sunã daidaita da tara nan gaba amfani da zuba jari. Bukatar rinjayar ana tsammanin ya dawo. A wasu kalmomin, da matsalar rashin aikin yi ne alaka da kasuwanci da kuma ta a raga.

Rashin aikin yi da kuma bukatar

A farkon karni na karshe a US yawan marasa aikin yi ya kai 25%. Wannan ya bayyana cewa tattalin arzikin ka'idar Dzhona Keynsa bãyar da ita a tsakiyar wuri. Keynes fa, tã wata a layi daya tsakanin rikicin na aikin da tara bukatar.

A matakin na samun kudin shiga kayyade amfani. Rashin isassun ci take kaiwa zuwa wani raguwa a aiki. Dzhon Keyns bayyana wannan "m dokar": kudaden shiga girma take kaiwa zuwa ƙãra amfani a wata sulusi da murabba'i na da girma. Wani sashi da aka adana. Kara samun kudin shiga rage propensity zuwa cinye, kuma da jari - ƙaruwa.

A rabo daga girma a amfani da tanadi DC DS zuwa wani karuwa a samun kudin shiga DY Keynes kira iyaka so for amfani da jari:

• MPC = DC / DY.
• MPS = DS / DY.

A karu a mabukaci bukatar biya diyya ta ƙara zuba jari. In ba haka ba, rage aiki, da kuma kudi na girma na kasa da samun kudin shiga.

zuba jari

Girmancin zuba jari - wata babbar hanyar tasiri bukatar, rage rashin aikin yi da kuma kara kudin haraji. Saboda haka, kara girman tanadi kamata biya diyya Yunƙurin a bukatar masu zuba jari.

Don tabbatar da cewa zuba jari bukatar da za a juya shi zuwa su tanadi. Saboda haka Keynesian dabara: zuba jari m taru (I = S). Amma a gaskiya, shi ne ba a sadu. . J. Keynes ce cewa tanadi iya ba dace zuba jari, tun da sun dogara ne a kan samun kudin shiga, zuba jari - da kudi na riba, riba, da haraji, hadarin halin da ake ciki.

sha'awa kudi

Marubucin ya rubuta game da m samun kudin shiga daga zuba jari na babban birnin kasar, iyakance ta yadda ya dace (DP / Di, inda P - riba, I - ãdalci zuba jari) da kuma sha'awa kudi. Masu zuba jari zuba jari kudi yayin da iyakance tasiri na babban birnin kasar zuba jari ya wuce sha'awa kudi. samun kudin shiga da daidaito da kuma da sha'awa kudi za su rabu da masu zuba jari na samun kudin shiga da kuma rage bukatar zuba jari.

A amfani kudi yayi dace da iyaka da riba daga masu zuba jari. A kasan kudi, da girma da zuba jari.

A cewar Keynes, da jari da aka yi, bayan biyan bukatun, don haka da yawan girma ba ya haifar da da karuwa. A kashi ne da farashin da ba-liquidity. Wannan ƙarshe zo Dzhon Keyns a kan tushen da biyu dokar: da propensity zuwa liquidity sa ta so, don ya mallaki ikon canji na kudi a cikin babban birnin kasar.

kudi kasuwar volatility qara so ga liquidity, wanda za a iya shawo kan wani ya fi girma yawan. kudi kasuwar kwanciyar hankali, a maimakon haka, shi rage so da kudi na riba.

A kudi na amfani da aka gani a Keynes lũra rinjayar kudi a kan jama'a da kudaden shiga.

A karuwa a da yawa na kudi qara samar da liquidity, fadowa na sayen ikon, da jari zama mai sha'awar ta. Rage kudi na riba, zuba jari girma.

Dzhon Keyns bayar da shawarar da a raguwa a yawan tanadi ga jiko da bukatun samar da kuma kara da kudi wadata a wurare dabam dabam. Saboda haka da ra'ayin gaira kudi, wanda ya shafi yin amfani da hauhawar farashin kaya a matsayin wajen rike harkokin kasuwanci.

A karu a cikin kudi na amfani

Marubucin kawo shawara don kara zuba jari da kasafin kudi da kuma manufofin kudi.

Monetary siyasa ne don rage sha'awa kudi. Wannan zai rage iyaka zuba jari yadda ya dace, samar da su su m. Gwamnatin kamata saki a cikin wurare dabam dabam a matsayin mai yawa kudi a matsayin wajibi ne don rage sha'awa kudi.

Sa'an nan Dzhon Keyns zai zo ƙarshe game da ineffectiveness na tsari a samar da rikicin - zuba jari ba su amsa da fall na kudi na riba.

Analysis na yadda ya dace da babban birnin kasar, a kan iyaka da madauki zai danganta shi da wani kimanta na nan gaba amfanin babban birnin kasar da kuma amincewa tsakanin 'yan kasuwa. Tanadi amincewa ragewan sha'awa rates ba zai yiwu. Kamar yadda Dzhon Keyns yi ĩmãni, da tattalin arziki na iya zama a cikin wani "liquidity tarko", a lokacin da kudi wadata ci gaban ba ya rage kudi na riba.

kasafin kudin da manufofin

Wani Hanyar kara zuba jari ne kasafin kudi siyasa, wadda ta ƙunshi a ci gaban da kudi kasuwanci a kudi na kasafin kudi, watau. A. Private zuba jari a lokacin rikicin da yawa rage saboda da mummunan zato da masu zuba jari.

Nasarar kasafin kudi siyasa na jihar ne da girma da tasiri bukatar, ko da alama m sharar gida na kudi. Gwamnatin bayar wa, wanda ba su kai ga wani karuwa a kayayyaki wadata, da overproduction rikicin, Keynes ĩmãni fin so.

Don daɗa ƙaran albarkatun karkashin zuba jari bukatar wani shiri na jama'a sayen kaya, ko da yake a general, Keynes nace a kan ba da kara zuba jari na jihar da kuma jihar da su zuba jari a babban birnin kasar gudana zuba jari.

Shi ne kuma wani muhimmin factor a cikin karfafawa daga cikin rikicin na overproduction ne da karuwa a amfani da ma'aikata, zamantakewa aiki, rarraba kudin shiga a cikin ƙungiyar tare da mafi amfani: la'ada waɗanda suke tsiwurwurin, da matalauta, bisa ga "m dokar" to kara amfani a low samun kudin shiga.

multiplier effects

The 10 surori da ka'idar da multiplier Canna ne da ake ci gaba kamar yadda amfani da m propensity zuwa cinye.

National samun kudin shiga ne kai tsaye dogara a kan zuba jari, da kuma a cikin girma, wucewa su muhimmanci a matsayin sakamako na multiplier sakamako. Zuba jari a cikin tsawo samar da daya bangaren suna da sakamako kama da sakamako a kan alaka da masana'antu, kama da yadda dutse ya haddasa ripples. Zuba jari tattalin arzikin qara kudaden shiga da kuma rage rashin aikin yi.

A jihar a rikicin kamata biyan kudin aikin gina dams da kuma hanyoyi, wanda zai tabbatar da ci gaban related yankunan samar da kara mabukaci bukatar da kuma zuba jari bukatar. Zai kara da aikin yi da kudin shiga.

Tun samun kudin shiga partially accumulates, ta animation yana da wani kan iyaka. Inda hakan ya amfani rage zuba jari - babban hanyar tashin hankali. Saboda haka, da multiplier ne inversely na gwargwado ga iyakar propensity ajiye MPS:

• M = 1 / MPS.

Canje-canje a samun kudin shiga DY Di zuba jari samu wuce su M sau:

• DY = M Di.
• M = DY / Di.

A karuwa a jama'a kudaden shiga dogara a kan adadin amfani girma - iyakance propensity zuwa cinye.

aiwatar

A littafin da kyau sakamako a kan samuwar ginshikai na tsari na tattalin arzikin su hana crises.

Yana ta bayyana cewa kasuwar ba zai iya samar da matsakaicin aikin yi, da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki ne zai yiwu godiya ga hannu a cikin shi na jihar.

Dzhona Keynsa ka'idar yana da wadannan methodological ka'idodin:

• macroeconomic m.
• karatu da tasiri na da bukatar da rashin aikin yi da kuma samun kudin shiga.
• bincike na da tasiri na kasafin kudi da kuma monetary manufofin kara zuba jari;
• multiplier na samun kudin shiga girma.

Keynes da ra'ayoyin da aka farko a aiwatar da shugaban kasar Amurka Roosevelt a 1933-1941 biennium. Tarayya kwangila tsarin da 70s kowace shekara allocates wani uku na kasar kasafin kudin.

Mafi yawan} asashe ma amfani da monetary, kudi kida domin bukatar management magance da cyclical hawa da sauka na tattalin arziki. Keynesianism ya watsu kiwon lafiya, ilimi, dokar.

Decentralization na West kasar management tsarin karfafa yin hadin kuma karkashin shugabancin tsakiya da gudanarwa, sakamakon wani karuwa a yawan tarayya ma'aikata da gwamnati.