Dzhonson Semyuel: A Biography, siffofi m, ban sha'awa facts

Semyuel Dzhonson - English zargi, biographer, essayist, mawãƙi da lexicographer. An dauke da daya daga cikin manyan Figures na rayuwa da kuma wallafe-wallafen na XVIII karni. Wani dalilin da shahararsa, wanda a yau tana da Semyuel Dzhonson, - kwaso da marubuci.

manhaja vitae

Dzhonson Semyuel aka haife shi a lardin garin Lichfield, a Staffordshire, a Michael Johnson iyali da aka tsunduma a cikin cinikin littattafan da kuma stationery, da kuma Sarah 18 Satumba 1709. Uba (kuma daga baya dansa) ya yiwuwa ga bouts na melancholy, amma ya game: da lokaci na haihuwar Sama'ila, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai Sheriff. Dzhonson Semyuel wani sickly yaro da aka ba kamata ya tsira. A 1711, yana da shekaru da shekaru biyu, shi ne kusan makafi, partially kurãme, wahala daga scrofula da kuma tarin fuka, aka ɗauke shi zuwa Sarauniya Anne da daya da ya taba warkar da marasa lafiya. Amma warkaswa, duk da haka, bai faru ba.

A 1716-m Johnson, m, m, kuma ba ta da shekaru, sa suna a makaranta Lichfield. Yana da aka karkashin jagorancin ilimi amma m Dzhon Hanter, wanda doke su ƴan, domin, a cikin magana, ya cece su daga gumagumai. Daga baya Sama'ila nace cewa idan ya yi ba a dukan tsiya, ba zai yi nasara da wani abu. Duk da haka, a karkashin jagorancin Hunter ya koya Latin kuma Helenanci, da kuma fara rubuta wakoki. A 1725, yana da shekaru 16 da shekaru, watanni shida, a lardin Johnson da aka ziyartar dan uwansa Cornelius Ford, fitattu kuma kõfatansu a kan duwatsu tsohon malamin a Cambridge. Akwai ya fara koya kasancewar ilimi da kuma wallafe-wallafen duniya.

gudun hijira

A 1726 ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare, kuma ya tafi zuwa aiki a mahaifinsa sayar da litattafai. Wannan kuskure ne. A rayuwa Sama'ila Johnson a cikin shekaru biyu, ya m, amma a lokaci guda ya tafi a kan kwadayin da haphazardly koyi Turanci da kuma na gargajiya wallafe-wallafe.

A 1728, da karamin gado na arba'in fam bar ta mahaifiyarsa, bayan rasuwar dangi, ya abke shiga a Pembroke College, Oxford. Akwai, duk da haka, ya kāsa samar da kansu tare da isasshen abinci, da wannan al'amari, kuma domin da yawa shekaru masu zuwa. Yana kuma ya fara nuna alamun melancholy cewa zai wajaba shi ga sauran rayuwarsa. A sakamakon haka, shi biya kadan da hankali ga nazarin da a 1789, shi ne musamman bakin ciki da kuma ma matalauta su ci gaba da ilimi, ya bar Oxford, ba tare da samun wani diploma.

A farko littafin

Fassara daga Latin "Almasihu" Paparoma, Johnson sanya a lokacin da yake karatu, aka buga a 1731, amma a lokacin da matalauta, a cikin bashi, ciki, partially makãho ne da kurmã, scarred da scrofula da smallpox Sama'ila ya ji tsõron domin natsuwar tunanina. Bugu da kari, a watan Disamba na wannan shekara da mahaifinsa ya rasu, kuma fatara.

A 1732, Johnson samu da doorman aiki a makarantar sakandare Market Bosworth. A lokacin ziyarar da Birmingham, ya gana da Genri Porterom da matarsa, Elizabeth. A shekara, kwance a gado a lokacin da gaba dogon ziyara a new friends Sama'ila shibtarsu nata Turanci version na Faransa translation na littafin "Journey cikin Abisiniya," da aka rubuta a cikin XVII karni. Portuguese Jesuit. Ta zama ta farko da aka buga littafin, da kuma Johnson samu biyar guineas mata.

aure

A 1735, yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar, Johnson aure a widowed 46-shekara Elizabeth Porter. A sadakin matarsa, wadda amounted zuwa 700 fam, Sama'ila ya kafa zaman makarantar kusa Lichfield. Daga cikin dalibai ya David Garrick, wanda ya zama mafi shahara actor a lokacinsa kuma a kusa aboki na Johnson. By 1737 da Academy ya tafi fatara, da kuma Samuel yanke shawarar yin arziki a cikin wallafe-wallafen filin, ya tafi zuwa London tare da Garrick.

halittar

A 1738, yayin da suke zaune a birnin London a cikin ƙasƙanci talauci, Johnson ya fara rubuta wa "Journal na mutum," Edvarda Keyva. Akwai ya buga "London" - kwaikwayo na Juvenal ta satire a kan lalacewar zamanin d Roma, ga abin da ya samu goma guineas. Bugu da kari, ya gana da Richard Savage, wani matalauta mawãƙi tare da dubious suna.

Tsakanin 1740 m, kuma 1743 m, an shirya muhawara majalisar "Journal mutum". Bayan shekaru, ya aka yabe su da nuna rashin son kai.

A 1744, Richard Sevidzh mutu a Bristol kurkuku. Johnson rubuta "Savage Life" ne na ƙwarai domin ta gaskiya portrayal na karfi da kuma kasawan na sauran hali. A samfurin da aka farko litattafan marubuci, ja hankalin masu karatu jama'a.

A 1745 ya buga "A iri-iri na lura game da bala'i" Macbeth. " A shekara, ya sanya hannu a kwangila tare da wani rukuni na wallafa, kuma ya aikata babban aiki na Tattara bayanan mai kamus na harshen Turanci, wannan da aka buga a Faransa arba'in mambobi ne na Kwalejin Faransa. Ya juya da "Shirin ƙamus" to Count Chesterfield, amma ya kasance mai mediocre harsashi. A sakamakon haka shi da wadannan definition Johnson kalmar "majiɓinci,": "Wannan shi ne wanda na taimaka, taimaka da kuma kare. Yawancin lokaci shi ne villain cewa tana goyon bayan da sãshensa a sama domin flattery. "

A 1748 da shida mataimakansa Johnson koma wani babban gidan a rundunar Street, da kuma fara aiki a tari na kamus. A 1749 kuma ya bayyana masa melancholy aiki "girman kai na mutum buri," Garrick kuma Johnson sa da bala'i na "Irene" a Drury Lane.

Tsakanin 1750 da 1752 da shekaru na makonni biyu, da ya halitta fiye da ɗari biyu makala "Rembler". A 1752-m matarsa ta mutu. Bayan shekaru biyu, Johnson koma zuwa Oxford, inda ya gana da Thomas Wharton, nan gaba mawãƙi yabon. A shekara, tare da taimakon Uortona Semyuel karshe samu digiri a jami'ar Oxford. A wannan shekara babbar English Dictionary karshe an kammala da kuma aka buga, da kuma ko da yake har yanzu talauci sosai, da ya wallafa suna da aka tabbatacce kafa. A wannan lokacin ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga matasa Joshuwa Reynolds, Bennet Langton da Tofamom Boklerkom.

A 1756, Dzhonson Semyuel rubuta, "Bada shawarwari ga wani sabon edition na Shakespeare", wanda, duk da haka, bai bayyana har 1765. Ya kuma ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin 'yar jarida, edita da kuma tarawa prefaces. Sa'ad da aka kama domin bashi, jingina sanya Semyuel Richardson. Tsakanin 1758 da 1760 ya rubuta jerin makala "Bummer." A 1759, shi da uwarsa Sarah mutu, kuma sauran a ciki yanayi, ya rubuta wani halin kirki labari "Rasselas" biya, ya ce, jana'izar.

ritaya

A 1762, bayan da ya Accession zuwa kursiyin sarki George III, Semyuel Dzhonson, wanda littattafai suna da yawa kudin shiga ba su kawo shi zuwa ga yardarsa zuwa sami fensho na 300 fam a shekara. Duk da haka, da nada Railway gidan baki ya fi rude, saboda yana mai taimako ga Tory jam'iyyar, da kuma, tunãni na zagi na Whigs, a tsare da kalmar "fensho" a cikin ƙamus kamar "biya zuwa ma'aikata domin ci amanar} asarsa." A karo na farko ya kasance ba a cikin rayuwarsa tilasta ajiye a kan zama dole kuma ko da yake ya gani ya ban mamaki, kuma babu makawa ya kausasa-hewn, ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun a high jama'a na adabi zakoki. Lokacin da kamar wata matasa Ladies sadu da shi a wani wallafe-wallafen da yamma, inda ya bayyana mamaki baƙuncin ya adadi, kamar dai shi ne wasu irin dodo daga cikin hamadar Afirka, Johnson ya gan su ya hõre da za a iya daki.

A 1763, ya fara hadu James Boswell. Duk da Scottish asalin (Johnson shakka Scots - Saboda haka ya shahara definition: "hatsi - yana da hatsi, wanda a Ingila ana cin doki, da kuma a Scotland da mutane"), sun samu tare da tare da juna. A 1764 shi aka kafa "Literary Club" wanda mambobi sun Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Garrick, Boswell kuma Johnson.

Sama'ila a 1765 a karkashin editorship buga Shakespeare da girma da kuma basira foreword kuma samu wani girmamawa Doctor of Law Sciences a Trinity College a Dublin. Ya kuma gana da m Henry da kuma Esta Trail, wanda zai ciyar mafi yawansu ya lokaci a kan gaba shekara goma sha shida (kuri'a na magana, amma yin kadan kerawa). Johnson zarar jawabin: "Free rubuta kawai chumps."

A 1769 Boswell, zama wani lauya a Edinburgh, aure, ya kuma kasance a Scotland har 1772 th. Tsakanin 1770 da 1775 Johnson fito da wani jerin tashin hankali, amma Characteristically categorical siyasa wasu 'yan takardu. A watan Agusta 1773, ko da yake ya yi ko da yaushe raina Scotland, Sama'ila ya ɗauki wani abin tunawa tafiya zuwa Boswell a cikin Hebrides. A watan Yuli 1774 Johnson Trail tafi Wales. A wannan shekara, Oliver maƙerin zinariya, daya daga cikin 'yan Sahaban, wanda ya ganin darajarsa ƙwarai, ya mutu, kuma marubuci ya ji wani gagarumin asara.

Semyuel Dzhonson Bakan'ane

Sa'an nan, ya rubuta wani karamin littafi "The Bakan'ane", wanda ya soki abin da ya kyan gani, kamar yadda ƙarya kishin kasa. Yamma, Afrilu 7, 1775, ya famously ce cewa kishin kasa ne na karshe tsari na wani scoundrel. Sabanin ga sanannen imani, wannan sanarwa tana nufin ba su kishin kasa a general, amma ga ba daidai ba yi amfani da kalmar, John Stewart, Earl na Bute da magoya bayansa da kuma makiya, wasa a kan wadanda ba Turanci asalin. Johnson saɓa wa kai-shelar kishin kasa a general, amma ya yaba da "gaskiya" kishin kasa.

fansa

A 1775 ya wallafa "Journey zuwa Yammacin tsibirin na Scotland." A wannan shekara, Johnson samu wani girmamawa digiri daga Jami'ar Oxford, kazalika da sawu ziyarci Faransa (wanda sãmi wani m Scotland). Sama'ila violently mayar da martani kan American juyin juya halin, ta kwatanta m mulkin mallaka a matsayin "tseren na laifin." A 1776, ya yi tafiya zuwa Oxford Boswell, Ashbourne da Lichfield, inda ruwan sama bareheaded tsaya a kasuwar square a gaban ginin, wanda housed a kantin sayar da littattafai na ubansa, kwa a "take hakkin a fannin tsoron" jajirce shekaru 50 da suka wuce. Yau da shi gidaje da Museum of Samuel Johnson.

A karshe shekaru ransa

A 1778 ya sadu da 24-shekara Fanni Berni, nan da nan ya zama wata nasara marubucin "Evelyn". A shekara, David Garrick, wani tsohon almajiri na Johnson kuma ya kusa aboki, ya rasu, Sama'ila ya sake raurawa. A 1781, bayan da littafin da littafin "Zaune na Turanci Poets", ya rasu Genri Treyl. Sama'ila ta'azantar da bazawara, kuma aka faruwa ya aure ta. A 1783, duk da haka, da kiwon lafiya suka fara deteriorate kuma ya sha wahala a bugun jini. A shekara ta gaba, ta wani abu kaɗan farka, ya gutsura tare da Mrs. Trail a lõkacin da ta sanar da ita da niyyar aure Gabriel Piotstsi.

Dr. Semyuel Dzhonson, wanda yake shan wahala daga gout, asma, edema da kumburi, ya gano cewa, da tsoron mutuwa fara saya su, amma ya gamu da shi da jaruntaka kamar yadda ya gana dukan wahalar a cikin rayuwarsa. Disamba 13, ya rasu yana da shekaru 75 years. Aka binne shi a Westminster Abbey a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba.