Sulfur (Lat Sulfur.) - nonmetal kashi. A sunadarai alama S, da serial number a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur - 16 Valence sulfur da aka kafa tun kafin ma nazarin tsarin da zarra. Its darajar aka ƙaddara dangane da kaddarorin canza, jawo hankalin ko hašawa da dama sauran kwayoyin halitta ko kungiyoyin. Daga baya, da masu bincike gano wata rawar da barnatar da cajin barbashi (electrons) a cikin taron da sinadaran bond.
Valence na sulfur: wanda musamman atoms shafi da darajar?
Mafi na kowa sinadari a duniya ne a 16th wuri. Yana auku a cikin nau'i na haske rawaya lu'ulu'u ko foda a cikin duwatsu kusa da aiki da kuma m volcanoes. A mafi kyau da aka sani na halitta mahadi - sulphides da sulphates.
Features na abubuwa da kuma abubuwa:
- Strong nonmetal.
- By electronegativity (eo) ko ikon jawo hankalin electrons sulfur da ake samu kawai sunadarin flourine, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine da bromine.
- Yana reacts tare da karafa da kuma nonmetals, sauki da kuma hadadden mahadi.
Bambance-bambance a da kaddarorin dogara ne a kan tsari da kuma jihar na zarra, bambanci a cikin dabi'u na eo. Bari mu ga abin da zai iya zama a cikin wata valence na sulfur mahadi. Su sinadaran hali ya dogara ne a kan tsarin da ikon envelopes, da lambar kuma tsari na cikin matsanancin electrons a zarra.
Me valency ne daban-daban?
Barga isotopes ne na halitta sulfur da taro lambobi na 32 (fi na kowa), 33, 34 da kuma 36. Kowace daga cikin wadannan zarra nuclides 16 ƙunshi gaskiya ma cajin protons. A sarari a kusa da tsakiya matsawa da gagarumin gudun 16 electrons. Su ne izuwa kananan, barnatar da caji. Kadan janyo hankalin zuwa tsakiya (looser) 6 waje barbashi. Da dama, ko dukkan su suna da hannu a cikin samuwar daban-daban na sinadaran bond. Kamar yadda zamani Concepts valence na sulfur ne m da yawan halitta kowa (bonding) electron nau'i-nau'i. Yawancin lokaci misalai waje barbashi musharaka a cikin tsari, wakilta wani batu a kusa da wani sinadaran alama.
Kamar yadda wani valence dogara a kan tsarin da zarra?
Tare da tsarin iya nuna matakan da sublevels (s, p, d) ta amfani da makamashi zane daga wanda valence na sulfur shi ne dogara dabara. Biyu oppositely directed kibiyoyi alamar guda biyu, daya - unpaired electrons. A waje sarari sulfur zarra orbitals nau'i na barbashi 6 da 8 wajibi ne ga zaman lafiyar na bane mulki. Valence harsashi sanyi nuna dabara 3s23p4. Electrons ba a kare ba Layer da manyan ajiye na makamashi, wanda ya haddasa m jihar na zarra. Domin cimma zaman lafiyar da sulfur zarra na bukatar ƙarin biyu korau barbashi. Sun iya samu a lokacin da samuwar covalent shaidu da sauran abubuwa ko saboda da sha na biyu free electrons. A wannan yanayin, sulfur ne valence II (-). A wannan darajar za a iya samu ta amfani da dabara: 8 - 2 = 6, inda 6 - ne kungiyar lambar a cikin abin da rabi.
Inda akwai mahadi a cikin abin da valence na sulfur ne II (-)?
Sinadarin janyo hankalin ko gaba daya daukan electrons daga kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan electronegativity darajar bisa ga Pauling sikelin. Valency II (-) da aka nuna a sulfides da karafa da kuma nonmetals. An m kungiyar na wannan mahadi da aka samu a cikin abun da ke ciki na kankara da kuma ma'adanai suna daga babban m muhimmancin. Wadannan sun hada da pyrite (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PBS), da kuma sauran abubuwa. baƙin ƙarfe sulfide lu'ulu'u da kyau tan launi da luster. "Wawa Gold" ma'adinai pyrite ne sau da yawa ake kira. Domin karafa daga ores kwashe calcining ko raguwa. Hydrogen sulfide H2S yana da guda lantarki Tsarin, kamar ruwa. Asalin H2S:
- An saki a lokacin da lalata sunadaran (msl, kaza qwai).
- Yana ta barke da volcanic gas.
- Yana accumulates a cikin halitta ruwa, da man fetur;
- saki a cikin voids a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi.
Me ne da dabara valent sulfur oxide SO2?
Formula dioxide nuna cewa daya sulfur zarra a cikin kwayoyin bonded zuwa biyu oxygen kwayoyin halitta, kowanne daga abin da dole ne 2 ga electron bane. A sakamakon bond ne da yanayi mai iyakacin duniya covalent (eo mafi oxygen). A valence na sulfur a cikin wannan fili yana da darajar da IV (+), saboda sulfur zarra electron 4 suna gudun hijira zuwa biyu oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Da dabara za a iya rubuta kamar: S2O4, amma bisa ga dokoki da ya kamata a rage by 2. dioxide a lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa siffofin sulfurous acid ions ne mai rauni. Its salts - sulphites - karfi rage jamiái. SO2 gas ne tsaka-tsaki a cikin samar da sulfuric acid.
Wanne abubuwa sulfur farfado da mafi valence?
Oxide ko SO3 S2O6 - colorless ruwa a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 17 ° C, shi taurare. A fili na SO3 ne valence na oxygen II (-), da kuma VI (+) sulfur. Higher oxide dissolves a ruwa da kuma siffofin da karfi dibasic sulfuric acid. Ga wani babban rawa a samar da tsari mai abu da ake kira "gurasa daga cikin sinadaran masana'antu." Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin da kuma magani ne da mulkin acid salts - sulphates. Yi amfani da hydrated alli (gypsum), sodium (Glauber ta gishiri), magnesium (English ko m gishiri).
Da samuwar daban-daban na sinadaran bonding iya shiga 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, cikin matsanancin electrons. Mun kira yiwu valence sulfur, ba cewa akwai rare kuma m fili: I (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). A na biyu tabbatacce valence kashi yakan mallaki monoxide SO. Mafi na kowa darajar II (-), IV (+), VI (+) ya nuna sulfur a cikin abun da ke ciki na kungiyar abubuwa da ciwon masana'antu, aikin gona da kiwon lafiya da muhimmanci. Its mahadi aka yi amfani a cikin yi na wasan wuta.
A babban matsala ne kama daga sharar gas, ciki har da cutarwa ga mutane da kuma yanayi na sulfur oxides IV (+), VI (+ ) da kuma hydrogen sulfide. Kafa fasahar don aiki na wadannan sharar gas da kuma samun su daga sulfuric acid sulfates. Don wannan karshen, chemical gina kusa da karfe Mills ko a cikin wannan yanki. A sakamakon haka, da adadin samu an rage, akwai kasa "sulfuric acid ruwan sama."