Eastern gaban. Rasha a yakin duniya I.

Abin da aka sani game da mummunan bala'i, wanda ya shafi kasashe da dama, na zamani mutum? Fara shekara - shekara ta 1914. A yakin duniya na farko ya kare a 1918. Rasha dauki bangare a shi, amma kasar ba ta zama mai nasara. Kashe mutane da yawa. Wannan yaki, Soviet masana tarihi sun kira imperialist kuma azzãlumai. Me ya sa haka? Saboda kisan kiyashin da ya faru saboda saba wa juna a cikin jari hujja kasashen. Ko ta yaya saba shukawa da tambaya da wanda farmaki wanda. Ba su Iura ba da damar lashe, kuma a Rasha suka kasance, da xari bisa dari. Makiya aka tilasta yi saranda, da kuma ba da taimakon kasar mu, ya ba da albarkatun don ci gaba da gwagwarmaya. Idan gabashin gaban bai tabbatar da za a kusan halakãsu da juyin juya halin Musulunci events da kuma anti-yaki farfaganda, dã ya faru kafin. Idan ...

Jamus kungiyoyin masu fafutuka

Akwai alaka mai karfi stereotype na ladabtar Jamus, a haife sojoji da suka sami damar haifar da wani iko da kuma smoothly aiki yaki na'ura. Duk da haka, akwai sanannun facts, kada ku yi magana a cikin ni'imar da wannan ra'ayin na halitta Jamus sojojin kasar.

Biyu a duniya yaƙe-yaƙe sun faru a cikin karni na ashirin. Duka su fara ta Jamus, kuma duka ta sha kaye. Ba taimake m horo. Ya m vaunted Jamus aikin injiniya. Yana nuna wani rashin iyawa daga cikin shahararrun Jamus generals. A mafi m, a cikin duniya da sojoji suka mika wuya cikakke sojojin karkashin jagorancin shugabannin. Wata kila yana da a cikin yanayi na musamman na XX karni, kuma baya Nordic ruhu ya da karfi da kuma iya karawa? A'a, kuma a cikin goma sha takwas da goma sha tara ƙarni ta Jamus sojoji, ma, ba iya su rufe kansu da laurels unfading ɗaukaka. Ba haskaka ...

Abubuwan da suka faru na yakin duniya na yau, duk da shekara-shekara karkara, suna da ban sha'awa ba kawai saboda dandalin. Tarihi o ƙarin maimaita, idan ba na zahiri, amma a wasu kama za a iya gani lokaci-lokaci. Wani mai ban sha'awa kwatanta biyu a duniya fama, musamman a cikin bangare na hannu na Rasha da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. Masana tarihi da kuma 'yan siyasa zai zama m zuwa yin tunãni a kan darussan da suka gabata domin ba su maimaita m kuskure.

Tsakanin farko da na biyu, kamar yadda karin magana ya ce, pereryvchik ... shekaru ashirin da uku - yana da quite a bit, wannan lokaci bai fada a cikin definition tsara. Ga kadan a kan biyu shekarun da suka gabata, mutane ba za su ga mafi part da yara, tãyar da su, da kuma haifar da yanayi na gaba lokaci na ƙarni na haifuwa, ya kiyasta cewa yana daukan shekaru 30. Amma ga rayu har zuwa soja shekaru mutum yana da lokaci.

Fiye da shirye don yin yaki

Makamai na yakin duniya na ya ajizai ne, amma ta shekara ta 1914 ya riga ya kafa uku main iri da sojojin: ƙasar sojojin ruwa da iska karfi. Da jiragen sama da kuma dirigibles aka sa'an nan amfani ga m bincike da kuma kai harin bam. Akwai submarines, haddasa m naushe kan warships kuma m jiragen ruwa daga cikin zurfin ruwa. Sea mahakar samu quite zamani "horned" siffar. Hakika, a da yawa hanyoyi daban-daban daga mafi kwanan nan da kuma na zamani da amfani da makamai rikice-rikice a duniya. Hoton da aka ɗauka a da gaban, wannan abin mamaki yawan sojojin doki mutum. The sojojin doki ya har yanzu babban mai daukan hankali da karfi da rawar daji, amma ta wuri a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki a hankali ya dauki sulke da motocin da kuma tankuna, a farko nauyi, kuma unwieldy. Manyan bindigogi ya ɓullo da haka hanzari da cewa da dama na samfurori 10-ies bauta shekaru da dama. Bindigogi zama Rate na Maxim inji bindigogi, aholakin, kuma Hotchkiss iya yanka da makiya dakaru m fiye da na al'ada bindigogi.

Kuma, ba shakka, mafi m makaman yakin duniya na farko - guba gas. A kan su gaban-line aikace-aikace ba ko da kuskure ya Hitler a cikin cikakken auka na Uku Reich.

Ba dukan arsenal ya a mallaki maƙiya jam'iyyar zuwa ga barkewar tashin a shekara ta 1914, wasu lafiya-saurare da kuma kafa "a hanya", amma kuna hukunta da gudun sake tafiyar matakai, aikin share fage da ya riga ya wanzu a matakin ayyukan da prototypes. Lokacinta don farfadowa da tsaro masana'antu ya ba yakin duniya na farko. A tebur wanda ya nuna da girma na samar da kayan aikin soji da kuma kayayyaki a Rasha na tsawon shekaru hudu, ya nuna wata babbar Yunƙurin a cikin gida masana'antu:

Wadannan alkaluma yau bayyana su zama quite muhimmanci.

Watakila wani mugun makami? A'a, shi ne quite daidai da bukatunsu na lokacin, da kuma wasu samfurori da aka quite dace da amfani a cikin Great Patriotic War. Bad idan Rasha da sojojin suka saka? Babu tsari, da kuma harsasai ne quite dace da mu sauyin yanayi, a kalla mafi alhẽri daga da Austria. Game da abinci wadata ne kuma ba daidai ba ba a tuna. A yakin duniya na farko, membobin na wanda sun san rashi a duk ƙasashe, bai sa rikicin abinci a Rasha. Amsa "haramta", da kuma a kan wannan ba daya nuna rashin amincewa. Haka ya shafi fasaha goyon baya. Model na makamai, da samar da wanda bai yi ba tukuna an ƙware da m kamfanoni, da Rasha, sojoji samu daga Birtaniya da kuma Faransa. Jirage "farman" da "Nieuport" da aka gina a cikin masana'antu amfani Allied takardun da m injiniyoyi da kuma ma'aikata quite isa. Tarihin wani koma-baya "lapotnoy" Rasha, wanda ya rushe ba zato ba tsammani a shekara ta 1914 yakin duniya na farko, shi ne lokacin da za a kore.

uzuri

A shekara ta 1914, ba shakka, babu talabijin da kuma musamman da Internet, don haka da bayanai yaki kulla kawai jaridu cewa an jinkirta da rana daya, kuma ya ruwaito Yuni 16 da mummunan labari na kashe magajin zuwa kursiyin Austria-Hungary da matarsa. Akwai ya kasance wani laifi a cikin Serbian birnin Sarajevo, shi ne lokaci a kan wanda yakin duniya na farko na 1914-1918, wanda ya kawo matsala ga mutane da yawa. Gwamnatoci na shafa} asashen na bukatar yanayi biyu na lumana shiri na aukuwa: da m na Austria 'yan tawagar a kisan kai da kuma bullo da sojojin. Serbs yarda wani hadin gwiwa da bincike, amma tsayayya da baki. Sa'an nan Austria-Hungary ayyana yaki kan Serbia. A Rasha ya fara janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a, tare da wani gargadi game da yiwuwar yin amfani da karfi don kare 'yan'uwa Orthodox mutane. Jamus, ba tare da jiran fashewa tashin, ayyana yaki. Wannan lokaci ne ba Serbia, da kuma Rasha.

abubuwan da ake bukata

Kuma akwai makawa yakin duniya na? Tarihi ba jure da subjunctive yanayi, da cewa shi ne, cewa bai sauya ba. Amma har yanzu, mutane son zuwa fantasize, kuma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci akwai versions na abin da zai faru idan wani dalibi Gavrila dauki da kuma rasa? Ko don a harba ba zato ba tsammani kãma Orthodox Kirista kyama ga kisan?

Around ta bayyana cewa, a wannan yanayin, shi yana iya zama wata rana ko wata shekara, amma zai yi yakin duniya na farko. Its mambobi kasance a cikin wani Jihar m gasar a bude sarari a duniya. Jamus so da mazauna, da kuma raba shi da Afirka, Asiya da sauran kasashen waje yankuna kuma Faransa, kuma Ingila sun kasance a wani sauri. Rasha ba ya so ya raba tare da Baltic jihohi da kuma Poland, a gaskiya, kasar ta sami irin wannan tattalin arziki lokacinta, wanda aka kimanta Bismarck ta 50th shekara aka ƙaddara ta a wani yanki, da kuma yiwu duniya jagora. Upcoming babban yaki ga "wani wuri a karkashin hasken rana."

Lissafi na Jamus Janar Staff

Eastern gaban na dogon lokaci shi ne babban shafin na yaƙi, amma domin tantance soja yuwuwar na Rasha, da Austro-German umurnin dauki wasu lokaci. Kamar Hitler shekaru 23 baya, von Moltke, shugaban Austro-Hungarian-German Janar Staff yi imani da cewa nasara za a iya cimma wani m hari, a free hannunka zuwa yãƙi daya abokin gaba. Mafi yawa kyalewa positional mai zuwa yaƙi, da Triple Alliance shugabanci bai yi la'akari da irin girman tattalin arziki na Rasha daular, ta abinci 'yancin kai da kuma babban manpower, don haka da fronts na yakin duniya na farko da aka manned unevenly. A kan Gabas Austrians aiko kawai a cikin goma na sojojinsa, komai aka mayar da hankali a kan iyakar da Luxembourg da kuma Belgium. Daga cikin 2nd zuwa 5th watan Agusta, kamar kwana uku, kusan ba tare da yãƙi, suka kama kasashen biyu da kuma mamaye Faransa. By Agusta 25th, fatattakar abokan gaba a kan kogin Marne, da Austro-Hungarians da kuma Jamus suka tafi Paris. Yana da jũna cewa nasara ne a kusa. Amma ...

A halin yanzu a Rasha

Girma m sentiments faru a can farko na wani yaki. Bayan ta sanarwa da mutane yawanci zaton cewa sojojin a cikin biyu asusun zai warware maƙiyi. Wannan yana yuwuwa ta gani farfaganda a cikin nau'i na posters, jaridu, da kuma a yau, kuma mafi tasiri kafofin watsa labarai. Rasha ba rearmed, ba a lokacin, amma Austro-Hungarian Empire a lokacin da shi ya isa ga view of yawa masana tarihi. Duk da haka, ko da pre-yaki jihar na Soviet sojojin a 1941 aka kiyasta ya zama m game da wannan. A sakamakon haka, duk da haka, ya juya fitar a wadannan biyu daban-daban unpreparedness. Eastern gaban bai ci gaba zurfi a cikin Rasha ƙasa kara Carpathians, wanda ya nuna cewa mu sojojin ba haka ba ne bad m da staffed. Haka ya shafi al'amurran da suka shafi na wadata. Soja masana'antu da sauri tsiwirwirinsu lokacinta samar da isasshen makamai da harsasai ba kawai har karshen tashin. Da zarar kare yakin duniya na farko (1914-1918), Rasha da aka kõma a cikin dogon fratricidal kashe da cewa dade shekaru hudu. Duk wannan lokaci, masana'antu kusan m da kuma harsasai, makamai masu linzami, cannons, howitzers, bindigogi, inji bindigogi da kuma harsasai daga takaddama bangarorin ( "ja" da "fari") ba canjawa wuri, duk wannan da aka dauka daga cikin warehouses. Rabon abinci katunan da aka gabatar daga baya fiye da a Faransa, Ingila, Jamus da Austriya-Hungary, da kuma rashin abinci da aka ba ji har da Bolsheviks zo da wuta.

Ku yãƙi a kasar tare da irin wannan sararin ƙasa da irin wannan iko da masana'antu da kuma noma da m ne kusan ba zai yiwu. Domin gudanar da wani m farko na wani tabbacin cin nasara a ƙarshe daga cikin kasashen da Triple Alliance sojojin da aka bai isa ba, da kuma positional yãƙi attrition iya kawai kai ga m sakamakon. Kaiser jagorancin aka fatan a ghostly yiwuwar cire Rasha daga yaki da ake ji m raunuka ko kuma wani m hanyoyin.

Bugu da ari events na yakin duniya na farko sun nuna cewa wadannan tsare-tsaren da ake jera gudanar ya yi, duk da haka, da nasarar Austria-Hungary, sun gaza.

A farko

Rasha ta ko da yaushe kokarin agazawa ga masõyansu, a cikin wuya lokacin a gare su. Ba ta kasance ba togiya da kuma yakin duniya na farko. A tarihin farkon aiki ayyuka na Rasha na mallaka Army ne cike da wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan da shan kashi na Marne gaggãwa shiryawa frontline ayyukan da aka za'ayi a watan Agusta shekara ta 1914, wanda za a iya shirya kuma mafi alhẽri. Biyu sojojin (a karkashin umurnin generals Samsonov AV da PK Rennenkampf) garzaya da hari a kan Gabas Prussia kuma ci Austria 8th Army M. Pritvits. Jamus Kaiser aka raunanar raunuka, amma, duk da wannan, ya yarda da gaskiya daga ra'ayi na wani kwamandan bayani. Ya dakatar da gaba a Paris, da kuma aika da manyan sojojin zuwa gabas. The Pendulum ya sauya ra'ayi suka mara da sauran hanyar da, Rasha high umurnin sanya wani dabarun kuskure. Army ta sãme kan bamban kwatance zuwa Berlin da kuma Konigsberg. Wannan biyuntakar tsawo gabashin gaban, shi ya jagoranci wani karu a taro na ayyukan, fiye da ba kasa dauki amfani da Jamusanci Janar Staff. Rasha sojojin nauyi lalacewar da aka yi, sa'an nan jũna a tunani game da farkon da akwai kome ba. Actions samu positional hali, wanda, kullum magana, shi ne a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin kawayenta. Austria sojojin da aka mari, hana dakin rawar daji, yayin da lokacin da aka aiki da su.

asara

A fronts na yakin duniya na farko sun taba gani ba a tarihin tsawon. Rasha da Yãƙin Turkey, da kuma da ya haɗa da Triple Alliance Bulgaria. Kasashe 38 da aka hannu a wani mummunan rikici flared mazurari. Entente gefen dauki Misira har ma da 'yan Rasha maƙiyi - Japan. Italiya bai nuna biyayya ga ka'idoji, fifita kasa moriyar kawance wajibi. Bayan fara yakin a gefe na Triple Alliance, shi ne a cikin shakka canza shugabanci bayonets na sojoji.

Zama jam'iyyun da tashin da wasu ƙasashe. Yakin duniya na, ta shekaru hudu da ya isa ya gurgu da ashirin miliyoyi kuma kashe miliyan goma mutane. Wajibi ne a dakatar da mayar da hankali a kan rabo daga jikkata sojojin na Zhanguo. Characteristically, a lokacin da wani fairly manyan yawan matattu sojoji (Rasha da aka ba kidaya kusan miliyan 1.7. Sojoji), wannan adadi ne m fiye cewa daga cikin kasashen da Triple Alliance. Wanda bai fi na wadanda suka kawo yakin duniya na farko? mutum asarar Table kama:

A Rasha sojojin, duk da kasawa daga umurnin (su ko da yaushe sun kasance da nufin a wani m), ya nuna wata fairly high dace. Ta ba da damar shigar azzakari cikin farji na sojojin abokan zurfi a cikin karkararta, da kuma a lokuta da dama ta doke abokan gaba ne ba da lambar kuma fasaha. Kuma duk da haka, domin a duk shekaru da na yakin duniya na farko, ba a guda hali na gwamnatin rikon kwarya a Rasha, sojoji da abokan gaba, ba a ma maganar da saye da majalisar regiments, rarrabuwa da kuma sojojin. Yana kamar ba zai iya zama. Tsada da kuma karimci zuwa fursunonin yaki da aka ɓullo da a mafi yawan lokuta, duk jam'iyyun da wannan m kasa da kasa rikici.

Positional kuma shiri don m

Eastern gaban, kazalika da West, ya stabilized bayan 1915. The sojojin dauki up matsayi da aka tsunduma a karfafa su, digging ramuka da kuma masu garu da ginin. Lokaci akwai yunkurin karya ta, amma ba mai iko barrage ko amfani da tankuna, ko guba chlorine ba ya taimaka ya yi nasara da kuma shigar da aiki dakin. Na gudanar da su yi shi ne kawai sau daya a duk shekaru da na yakin duniya na farko. Marubucin wannan nasara da aka Janar Brusilov, wanda a cikin bazara da farkon lokacin zafi na 1916, wanda aka shirya da za'ayi a m tsaro a cikin zurfin karya da Austro-German sojojin a cikin ta Kudu-Western Front. Success gudummawar low morale na abokan gaba, da kyakkyawan shugabanci da kuma nasara maida hankali sojojin Rasha. Auna daidai suke kuma, musamman, ya kasa reserves, wanda ya hana amfani da sakamakon da dabarun aiki a cike.

A jerin tashin a 1914-1918

A kowace shekara, a mummunan yakin da aka halin da wasu halayen da dabarun halin da ake ciki. A shekara ta 1914 akwai wani tabbataccen aminci ayyuka na Rasha sojojin da dakarun na Entente. Karkata ɓangare na Jamus da kuma Austria sojojin gudanar da wani cin nasara kai hari a kan Galicia.

1915 ya zama positional, amma wasu manufofin Jamus har yanzu ya nuna, sun kasance iya su mallaki Poland, kashi na Yammacin Ukraine, da Baltic Amurka da kuma Belarus.

A 1916, akwai wani m balance cewa halin da karshe matakai na dukan yakin duniya na farko. Babban shugabanci na kai hari na Jamus sojojin sun kasance a Faransa, a cikin Verdun yankin. Brusilov laifi sake keta cikin kasar da tsare-tsaren da Triple Alliance, suka yi sauri canja wurin sojoji zuwa gabas don kauce wa wani soja bala'i.

A 1917 Rasha ta janye daga yaki, ya kammala baya (1918) tare da Jamus da Austriya-Hungary raba zaman lafiya.

A karshen?

Duk da matsaloli da kuma bala'i da zarar ƙarasa. Kuma ƙare yakin duniya na farko. 1918 shi ne ranar a lokacin da bindigogi fadi shiru. A Austro-Hungarian Empire rushe. Gwarzon bikin, sun nẽme shi ta wajen amfani da halin da ake ciki domin rama domin abu halin kaka jawo wa kansu a cikin shakka daga tashin, to azabta Jamus, don gabatar a kan shi wani indemnity, to ci gaba da mamaye wani ɓangare na da ƙasa. Rasha a cikin wannan tsari bai shiga. A Fabrairu juyin juya halin na 1917, sa'an nan da Oktoba juyin juya halin demoralized sojojin, gurgunta tattalin arziki, da siyasa sharudda sun jagoranci Bolshevik shugabanci to bari wasu yankuna na Rasha Empire a cikin ni'imar wasu jihohin ko ba su da ikon mallaka. A yakin duniya na farko, wanda mahalarta sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, da kuma bayan ta ƙarshe bar yawa ta kasa warwaruwa matsaloli. Jamus, babban abokin gaba da Entente, aka ci, ƙasƙanta, kuma sata, amma da ji na rashin adalci da kuma fushi zauna tare da Jamusanci mutane. Bayan shekaru goma da rabi shekaru samu wani shugaba wanda ya gudanar ya dauki amfani da wadannan motsin zuciyarmu, matsa kamar bazara. Versailles yarjejeniyar da aka soke, kuma shi ne ba tun kafin lokacin a lokacin da Faransa da mika wuya da jagoranci a cikin ainihin wurin da ya sauke karatu daga yakin duniya na farko. Hotuna reluwe mota daga Kempen, wanda aka sanya hannu a shekarar 1918 domin m Jamus duniya za su kewaye dukan jaridu na duniya.

Amma wannan shi ne wani labarin ...