Ergot - menene wannan?

M naman kaza ƙunshi ergot alkaloids m, shi ne matsalar da aikin noma da kuma a lokaci guda artificially horar ga Pharmaceutical dalilai. Its m baza a kan amfanin gona a tsakiyar zamanai ya jagoranci zuwa fitowan da annoba a sakamakon ingestion na gurbata burodi gari.

Abubuwa da yawa a cikin yanayi ne mai ban hanya, da kuma cewa zai iya kashe, a lokaci guda shi ne iya warkar.

Mene ne ergot?

Ergot - a HALITTAR na fungi daga wannan iyali. Dukansu suna da parasitic a kan hatsi, ciki har da hatsin rai da kuma alkama. Za ka iya samun version of sunan naman gwari - igiyar ciki ƙahoni. The sunan "ergot" ya zo daga Old Rasha kalmar ma'ana "yalwa, wuce haddi." Irin wannan paradoxical darajar, bisa ga masanin ilimin harsuna O. Trubacheva, a waɗannan kwanaki haifa da euphemistic hali.

Sclerotia ne oblong-elongated, triangular kasa m samuwar mai lankwasa siffar da a tsaye fasa da wrinkles. A surface na baki da kuma shunayya, wani lokacin tare da farin Bloom cewa an sauƙi share a kan Laifi launi ko fari da rawaya tinge. Sclerotia tsawon dogara a kan irin na hatsi, wanda tasowa ergot (hoton sama). Alal misali, hatsin rai - shi ne 1-3 cm da diamita na 6 mm.

Ergot a tsakiyar zamanai

Guba dabbobi da mutane ergot alkaloids na da sunan - ergotism. The sabon abu, ta hanyar, tabbatar ta hanyar kimiya da kuma a tsakiyar zamanai, wanda ya dauki wani taro hali. A wannan lokacin, undemanding zuwa gona da kuma kwaro-resistant hatsin rai girma a ko'ina, kuma da burodi ne mai matsakaitan. The gurbata hatsi aka juya zuwa cikin gari da kuma ta haka ne samun a kan tebur. Ergotism sa wani m annoba, da kuma akwai ko da wani musamman Order of Antonito wanda yi wa kamuwa da mutane.

Farfesa Sheyn Rodzhers na Jami'ar Clarkson tare da digiri na biyu dalibai sun bincika matsalar da fatalwowi da ya zo Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa, a da yawa gidajensu, inda akwai wani bakon sauti ko hangen nesa, yawan wasu m iri mold cewa zai iya samun wani tasiri a kan mazauna. Wannan ka'idar tabbatar da zato game da rinjayar ergot events in na da Turai, ciki har da mayya hunts, da Jihadi. A cikin hoto sama - zanen da Flemish fenta, depicting effects na ergotism cutar.

Ergot - wani naman gwari parasitic ga alkaloids, wanda, a cewar wasu rahotanni, ba kawai guba, amma kuma hallucinations, convulsions, itching. A tarihin wadannan cututtuka da aka sani da "witches cramps" da "gangrene." Alkalodidy ba a hallaka ko da bayan zafi magani (burodi). Irin wannan hali na marasa lafiya da addini tsantseni take kaiwa zuwa ban tausayi sakamakon.

A sake zagayowar na ci gaba da naman gwari

Fungal mycelium yana da wani m tinge, da samuwar ya auku a cikin bazara, shi yana cikin nau'i na ƙafafu da shugabannin, da su ne a kan saman kwalban-dimbin yawa fruiting jikin (perithecia), a fili a bayyane a cikin m kasa. A karshen gudana jima'i tsari, wanda shi ne wani Fusion gametangliev, inda wani zygote. Yana nan da nan ta shiga cikin division (meiosis) a cikin jakar (da tambaya) kafa daga mycelium na naman gwari.

Sa'an nan a lokacin rani na ergot tsaba (spores) da iska ko kwari yada yawa kilomita kusa. Da zarar a pistil hatsi flowering shuke-shuke, su germinate kuma ƙarshe hatsi ba kafa, da kuma fungal mycelium. Yana secretes musamman m yake jawo kwari (honeydew). A wannan hanya, akwai yaduwar da naman gwari spores. Bayan da kwai ne tsautsayi, a wurinsa, a abin da ake kira sclerotia - Kakakin kafa Fused hyphae na naman gwari. Lokacin da ciyawa ne cikakke, shi da dama a kasa da kuma overwinter a cikin ƙasa, da kuma tsari ne da aka maimaita sake a cikin bazara.

Naman kaza a noma

Special namo ergot da muhimmanci a kwatanta da lalacewa daga ta m filayen. A cewar} asashen duniya, da abun ciki na fungal spores a hatsi mai guba kada wuce 0.05%. Duk da haka, wasu kasashen saka da ake bukata na mai cikakkar babu spores a raw kayan, musamman Misira. Ergot ne rarraba da sauri kuma a cikin wani adadin ne ko da yaushe ba a cikin filayen. A cewar masana, ya kawo ta ciki a karshe da hatsi don sifili ne musamman wuya, amma shi ne rubuce yiwu.

Mafi na kowa ergot na alkama, hatsin rai da sha'ir. Babban awo magance da naman gwari - tsaftace Cones dukkan zuriya kuma fall (kaka) shũka bayan girbi. Sclerotia kashe lokacin da plowing. A matsayin precautionary gwargwado, shi shawarar a zabi dasa iri tare da takaice da kuma lokaci daya flowering zamani da kuma tsayar da dokoki na amfanin gona juyawa.

A dalilai bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da baza ergot grassy weeds da suke precursors na filayen, m hazo a tare da iska a hatsi flowering zamani, sanyi da kuma hadari, wadda take kaiwa zuwa mikewa na flowering zamani.

Farfagandar da kuma namo

Ya kamata a lura da cewa ergot - wani naman gwari, yada duk inda akwai hatsi hatsi. A mafi m yanayin factor for shi ne high zafi (70%).

Kamar yadda riga aka ambata a sama, domin Pharmaceutical dalilai naman gwari, ergot wato shunayya, an girma musamman. Don yin wannan, akwai gonaki na magani shuke-shuke, musamman a cikin Novosibirsk da Kirov yankuna na Rasha, Belarus. Kunnuwa na hatsin rai musamman riga-da spores na naman gwari da hannu ko allura inji. Da ake samu a lokaci guda zuwa 4 ton a kowace kadada.

Tarin albarkatun kasa ne da za'ayi a cikin tsawon ripening, a lokacin da a zankayen suna fentin a wani purplish-kasa-kasa launi, taurara da za a iya sauƙi rabu da kunne. The tattara abu da aka bushe a ventilated shagunan a duhun. to ƙãre feed bukatar zafi ba fiye da 11% da kuma gaban impurities a wani adadin na kasa da 1.5-2%.

ergot alkaloids

A pharmaceutical amfani da ƙahoni (sclerotia) na ergot. Suna da shida nau'i-nau'i daga stereoisomeric alkaloids. Kowane aiki levorotatory yayi dace da kalla rauni dextrorotatory isomer. A musamman, da kuma ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine da ergokristinin, kuma ergozin ergozimin, ergocryptine da ergokriptinin da dai sauransu The main bangaren na levorotatory alkaloids -. Lysergic acid. A abun da ke ciki da kuma abun ciki na alkaloids dogara da nazarin halittu tseren naman gwari waje dalilai da kuma shuka rundunar.

samun LSD

Swiss sunadarai Albertom Hofmanom (hoton sama) a shekara ta 1938, na Kalam na lysergic acid kunshe ne a cikin ergot, aka samu ta hanyar sinadaran shirye-shiryen - sananne LSD. 5 shekaru daga baya, wannan mutumin ya gano hallucinogenic Properties daga cikin fili. A halin yanzu LSD a mafi yawan kasashen dakatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kazalika da aiwatar da bincike. A togiya ne Switzerland tun 2008 a yarda da su gudanar far da a cikin ƙasa domin terminally rashin lafiya marasa lafiya, ciki har da a m matakai na ciwon daji.

A amfani a magani

A cikin aikace-aikace na alkaloids a magani da aka sani na dogon lokaci. Ergot - wani naman gwari, rayayye amfani a obstetric yi. Ya dogara ne a kan kwayoyi sa dogon lokaci da kuma karfi igiyar ciki contractions da kuma dakatar igiyar ciki na jini. Wannan mataki ne ya sa ta gaban physiologically aiki levorotatory alkaloids, musamman ergometrine. Shi ne kasa mai guba fiye da sauran, tsowon lokacin mataki ne ba kamar yadda high, amma sakamako ne da sauri.

Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids mallaka magani mai kantad da hankali Properties. A wannan batun, suna mai daraja a lura da hauhawar jini, migraine, Basedow ta cuta, tabin hankali cuta.

Ergot guba ya auku ba kawai daga maza, amma kuma yakan faru a cikin dabbobi. Tun da hatsi don ciyar da su da muhimmanci wajen saka idanu da m abinci hatsi ga kaji da kuma dabbobi. Babban alama na guba ne necrosis na wutsiya, kunnuwa da kuma wata gabar jiki.

Ga wani ta, ergot. Wannan al'ada ta nagarta na samar da wani gaske duniya tasiri a kan duniya kewaye da mu. Ko kananan naman kaza zai sa annoba, ko za a yi wani tasiri magani, shi ya dogara da daidai tsarin kula da yanayin dan Adam.