Faransa mawãƙi Stephane Mallarmé: biography, kerawa, photo

Stephane Mallarme - fice mawãƙi kuma marubuci asali daga Faransa, wanda ya rayu a karni na 19th. Shi ne shugaban da symbolist makaranta. Kada ka san abin da kuma aka sani Stephane Mallarme? Short biography gabatar a wannan labarin zai ba ka damar koyo game da shi.

The asalin, cikin tsawon binciken

A nan gaba mawãƙi aka haife shi a birnin Paris a ranar 18 Maris, 1842. Mahaifinsa ya Numa Mallarme, wanda ya yi aiki a ofishin for Property Harkokin. Lokacin da Stephen aka 5 years old, ya rasa mahaifiyarsa, sa'an nan ya aka dauka zuwa ilimin iyayenta. Stephane Mallarmé wani m yaro. Ya yi karatu na farko a addini shiga makaranta, located in Auteuil (a 1853), sa'an nan, tun 1853, ya halarci makarantar sakandare Saens. Ilimi a karshen juya ta zama mai raɗaɗi ga mawãƙi ne. Ya zama ko da karfi ji daga Loneliness bayan da 1857 rasuwar 13-shekara da 'yar'uwa, Maria. } Aramin digiri, Mallarme samu a 1860. Mahaifinsa so shi ya zama wani jami'in Stefan, amma Mallarmé watsi da wannan aiki. Ko sa'an nan, sai ya ji ya zai zama wani mawãƙi ba ne.

Da kamanni biyu na rayuwar Mallarme

Watanni da dama, a 1862, Stefan da aka a London. A nan sai ya cika ya Ingilishi. Komowa zuwa Faransa a 1863, ya zama wani malamin Turanci a Lycée Tournon. Stephen ta rayuwa tun wannan lokacin, kamar yadda aka kasu kashi biyu. Ya aka tilasta koyar saboda wani kananan samun kudin shiga, don samar da iyali - na farko a Tournon, sa'an nan a cikin Besancon, a Avignon (har 1871), Paris (har 1894) (1866-67 gg.). A daya gefen ransa ya shayari.

A farko ayyukansu, saba da Parnassian makaranta

Domin lokaci 1862-64 gg. Matasa suna cikin ayoyin farko na marubucin. Su iya ganin rinjayar Edgar Allan Poe da Charles Baudelaire. A 1864, Stephane Mallarmé gana da Kautllom Mendes, Frederic Mistral, MV Adan de Lille. An sani cewa ya zama sha'awar shayari Parnassian makaranta kafa Theophile Gautier da kuma fara rubuta ayyuka a ta ruhu.

Ba da da ewa, a 1865, ya buga masa waka mai suna "Afternoon na wani Faun." Mallarme gabatar da wannan aiki a kotun T. de Banville, wanda yake daya daga cikin shugabannin da Parnassian makaranta. Wannan waka ne mai son sha'awa kuma mai ladabi eclogite. Pagan farin ciki na rayuwar ƙi sun mamaye dukan aikin.

Parnasskii lokaci na kerawa

May 12, 1866 da aka gudanar da farko littafin na Mallarmé (10 waqe da aka buga a "Littafi Parnassus"). Wannan hujja nufi da cewa Parnassians gane shi. Sa'an nan ya zo cikin shekaru na neman sabon hanyar magana daga poetic hali (1868-73). Mallarme a karshen na 1860s, rubuta wata dama labarin, wanda ya kira "Igitur, ko Elbenona hauka". Duk da haka, an kawai da aka buga a 1926. Bugu da kari, ya kafa aiki a kan "Hirudiya", wani wasan kwaikwayo a ayar. Wannan aikin, da rashin alheri, aka bar ba a kare ba. A guntu aka buga a 1871 a karo na biyu edition na littafin "Modern Parnassus."

Mallarmé - decadent, sabon ayyukansu

A farkon shekara ta 1870 Mallarme rabu parnassians da kuma shiga cikin decadents. A 1872 ya rubuta "Makoki Toast", sadaukar da mutuwa na T. Gautier. Wannan aikin alama da miƙa mulki ga sabon poetics na Stefan. Saba da Rimbaud tana nufin 1872 tare da Manet - by 1873, tare da Emile Zola - to 1874. Stephane Mallarmé fara tare da haɗin gwiwar mujallar da ake kira "Artistic da kuma wallafe-wallafen Tarurrukan." A nan, a 1874, Stephen wallafa wani translation na waka Poe ta "The Raven". Zanuka don ya cika Manet. Mallarme kuma hada kai tare da "Magazine na sabon duniya." Ga ya wallafa wani jerin articles da makala. Publisher A. Lemerra a 1874 ya ki yarda da littafin da wani aiki na Mallarmé ta "Afternoon na wani Faun." Kawai a 1876 shi da aka buga. A wannan shekara, da mawãƙi rubuta wani sonnet taken "The Kabarin Edgar Allan Poe." Kuma a cikin gaba, 1877, akwai wata makaranta littafi, marubucin wanda - Mallarmé. Yana da aka kira "The English kalmar". Tutorial a kan mythology aka buga a 1880 ( "Ancient alloli"). Yana da wani karbuwa daga cikin littafin du Cox.

"Literary Talata" daraja

Malarme fara tsara nasu "wallafe-wallafen da Talata" a 1880. Sun kasance a cikin Apartment, located a kan Roman titi. The "wallafe-wallafen da Talata" halarci Saint-Paul Roux, Gyustav Kan, Pol Klodel, Anri De Regnier, Andre Zhid, Pol Valeri kuma Per Luis. Faransa mawãƙi Stephane Mallarmé ya zama sananne a wallafe-wallafen da'irori. Wannan ya karfafa da yawa P. Verlaine, wanda ranked shi ake kira "la'ananniyar kasida" (1884 Verlaine rubuta wata muqala mai taken). Har ila yau, da gudummawar da shahararsa ta Mallarme J.-C. Huysmans. A littafinsa, mai suna "A akasin", halitta a 1884, wannan marubuci yana da cikakken bincike na farkon waqe na Stefan bakinka Des Essent, ta protagonist.

Mallarmé - shugaban Symbolists

By tsakiyar 80s na karni na 19th Mallarmé aka dauke da shugaban daga cikin decadent kasida, wanda a 1886 ya fara kiran kansu "Symbolists". Da tarin taken "Poems Stefana Mallarme" ya bayyana a cikin 1887, da kuma na gaba - fassarorin da waqe-waqe halitta da Poe. A daidai wannan lokaci, tare da "duhu" symbolist shayari, Stephane samar da kananan-girma da kuma sauki waqe a kan daban-daban lokatai. Su aka buga kawai a 1920 ( "a kan lokaci na Poetry").

A karshe shekaru ransa

A 1894, mun kasance sha'awar marubucin wallafa wani tarin waqe a litattafan da shayari. Sa'an nan, ya bar sabis, yankan shawara don su bada ransa don shayari. Mallarme kafa fita don ƙirƙirar wani m, duniya littafin, a cikin abin da na musamman da kuma m bayani na duniya za a wani ba. Bayan rasuwar Verlaine, wanda ya faru a 1896, Stephen an zabe "Prince of Poets". A littafin da ya gwaji waqe mai taken "Luck taba warware al'amarin" yana nufin 1897. A samfurin siffar ne daya dade jumla, babu alamar rubutu. An buga matakala, tare da font amfani da daban-daban masu girma dabam. The waka da aka sanya a kan wata biyu-page baza. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1897, Mallarme buga jerin articles ( "Music kuma wallafe-wallafen", "The rikicin wakoki" da sauransu.). Su kowa sunan - "maganar banza". A cikin wadannan ayyuka, marubucin ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa adabi ne fuskantar raguwar da ake bukata domin mayar da tsohon alfarma muhimmanci. Mallarme Stefan, biography, da wanda aikin ya rage dacewa, ya mutu a kan Satumba 9, 1898 a birnin Paris. Babban bangare na matani da kuma rubutu da aka buga kawai bayan mutuwarsa.

Ma'ana halittar kuma da siffofin Mallarm

Ba dole ne a ce cewa mawãƙi Stephane Mallarme, wanda hotuna za ka ga a wannan labarin ya bayyana a Faransa adabi a lokacin da shi ya zama na fili da bukatar sabon poetic siffofin da ci daga haihuwa. Ya jagoranci da motsi na symbolism a wadda sabon m tunani dauki siffar ka'idar, wanda yayi kawo canji da harshen shayari kuma paved hanya domin zamani adabi a Faransa.

Mallarme halin rethought da tambaya game da dalilan wakoki. Ya yi imani cewa bai kamata a koyar ko bayyana. Ya kamata ya zama wani abu superreality. A cewar Mallarmé, shayari - ne da canja wurin da boye ma'anar ta wajen mutum harshe. Yana endows rayuwarmu amincin. A mawãƙi ne tsakiya tsakanin mutum duniya da kuma asirin da fursunoni a cikin sararin samaniya. Yana iya dauke da shãmaki cewa boyewa da transcendental, da yin amfani da kalmomi, da alamomi. Shi ne a gare su gane wani daban-daban gaskiya, wanda aka haka ya so ya ba mu Stephane Mallarmé. Kerawa da shawara cewa ya yi nasara.