Ghent Altarpiece: The Story of bagaden da hoto

Cathedral of Saint Bavo a Belgium birnin Ghent ne duniya sanannen godiya ta zuwa ga bagaden - mafi girma fitacciyar farkon Renaissance zanen na zamani, aiwatar da Flemish artist Yanom Van Ake. Kunsha na ashirin da hudu bangarori depicting da ɗari biyu da hamsin da takwas mutum Figures, Ghent Altarpiece ya shigo duniya na art tarihi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi girma da ayyukan ta zamanin.

'yan'uwa painters

A tarihin Ghent Altarpiece ya fara a 1417, lokacin da m mazauna birnin na Ghent Jos Veidt da umarnin da ya 'yan'uwa biyu - artists Hubert da Yanu Van Eykam - gidansa ɗakin sujada, wanda daga baya ya zama mafi tsarki babban coci Bova, inda fitacciyar yanzu. Daga cikin takardun da muka sani cewa abokin ciniki da kuma matarsa Isabella Borlyut, sun zauna tsawon rai tare, ya kasance marasa 'ya'ya, da kuma, da sanin cewa yin addu'a ga natsuwã ne a bãyan mutuwa rãyukansu zai zama babu daya kokarin yin sama da rashi na wannan mai karimci kyautar addu'a.

A cewar masana tarihi da kuma art tarihi, yayana - Hubert - ya halarci kawai ta farkon mataki, saboda haka, da marubucinsa da babbar size ayyukan dangana kusan na musamman ga ƙaninsa Ian. Bayani game da rayuwarsa wajen yin rõwa. An sani cewa da aka haife shi a garin Maaseik a Arewa Netherlands, amma ainihin ranar da Malaman tarihi kira hasara ne, imani kadai cewa shi zai iya faru a game da 1385-1390 shekaru.

Jan van Eyck, a kai-hoto wanda aka gabatar a farkon labarin, karatu zanen da ya mazan wa Hubert da kuma aiki tare da shi har mutuwarsa a 1426. Ya shawarta da aka sani cewa, daga Sahaban, ya ji dadin babban rabo mai girma kamar yadda daya daga cikin mafi kyau artists, amma ba za mu iya hukunci a game da aikinsa, saboda babu wani daga cikinsu da ya tsira ga wannan rana. Amma da Yahaya, da basira aka yaba arziki patrons da lokaci - Duke na Burgundy Philip na II, wanda ya sanya shi kotu fenta kuma bai skimp a kan m kudade. Daga Life Jan van Eyck, a cewar wasu kafofin, a 1441, da kuma a kan sauran - a 1442-m. Yana da har zuwa gare shi ya tambaye Jos Veidt so yi yawa kyau ga ƙasarsa ta Ghent.

Jan van Eyck: The Ghent altarpiece. description

Bagaden, a tambaya, shi ne wani polyptych, cewa shi ne mai babbar nadawa, kunsha na raba bangarori, fentin a garesu. A zane ba ka damar mu bi da shi a matsayin bude ko rufe form. Its total tsawo ne daidai da uku da rabi, da kuma fadin - biyar mita. Wannan tsawwala tsarin weighs fiye da ton.

Al'amuran wanda aka nuna a kan bagaden da fuka-fuki da tsakiyar rabo daga gare shi, suna jerin Littafi Mai Tsarki al'amuran, a cikin hanyar a cikin abin da aka fassara da Katolika. Ya bayyana a gaban masu sauraro jerin zane-zane ta hanyar Tsoho da Sabon Alkawari, faro Adam da kuma kawo karshen tare da fall na hadaya mutuwa da kuma girmama Ɗan Ragon. A general abun da ke ciki hada da bangaren sosai idon basira sanya hotuna abokin ciniki da kuma matarsa.

Ghent Altarpiece, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a wannan labarin, shi ne wani hadadden tsarin. A ta babba tsakiyar ɓangare na wani adadi na Allah Uba, wanda yake zaune a kan kursiyin. A da shi a purple taguwar firist da papal Tiara. A kan zinariya kintinkiri gefuna da kirji, ba za ka iya karanta kalmar "Runduna ya ce" - shi ne sunan Allah, Mahaliccin sararin samaniya. A ko dai gefen shi da siffa daga cikin Virgin Mary, da Ioanna Krestitelya. More malã'iku aka nuna a wannan matakin, wasa kida, kuma a karshe, a gefuna - tsirara Figures na Adamu da Hauwa'u.

A kasa na wani scene ibada na Ruhu Mai Rago, NUNA Yesu Almasihu. Don shi tare da hudu tarnaƙi ga jagora da tsari, wanda ya kunshi duka biyu a Littafi Mai Tsarki haruffa, da kuma tsarkaka, Ka tsarkake Allah a baya lokacin. Daga cikin su akwai thinly rufe kanta Figures na annabawa, manzannin, shahidai, kuma har ma da mawãƙi Virgil. Side bude yatsun da kasa jere ana kuma rufe images of da processions na tsarkaka.

image idon basira haruffa

Ghent Altarpiece, tarihin halittar wanda ake dangantawa da masu zaman kansu domin, hadisin na wadanda shekaru kiyaye a kan su bangarori da kuma hotunan mutane, wanda kudi an halitta. Wadannan su ne hotuna na Jos Veidt da matarsa Isabella Borlyut rubuta a cikin irin wannan hanya da cewa viewer gan su kawai a lokacin da ta bude yatsun a rufe suke. Dukansu images, ga wannan al'amarin, da sauran guda ana yi tare da karin hakikanci da kuma barin babu shakka cewa wannan shi ne wani hoto fasali na rayuwa.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin dukan ayyukan Yana Van Eyck, kuma suka yanzu sani fiye da wani karni, ta sãme scrupulous da hankali ga daki-daki, musamman m on reproductions sanya ta amfani da makrofoto. Ghent Altarpiece cewa zai iya zama a matsayin m zane. Yana isa ga la'akari da adadi na Ioanna Krestitelya, don tabbatar da cewa littafin ya riqe a hannu, tsarin fitar a daki-daki, don haka da cewa shi ne mai sauki yi fitar da mutum haruffa a kan ta shafukan. An sani cewa artist bayan da ɗan'uwansa ta mutuwa shekara goma sha shida ci gaba da tata da kuma gaba da mutum, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa Ghent Altarpiece halitta shi (1426-1442). Jan van Eyck, wannan aiki ya kai ga da dama daga cikin mafi kyau painters ya zamanin.

Tarihi, ya yi daidai

Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck yana da wani labarin a kan batun wanda zai iya ba kai kashe daya m show. Da masu bincike kidaya cewa a kan ɗari shida da labarin fitacciyar tare da shi guda goma sha uku laifukan da aka nasaba. Shi ke ba kawai sace, a asirce da bayyane fitar dashi, suka kokarin sayar, da sadaka, ku ƙõnã da fashewa. Yana nuna a gidajen tarihi da kuma caching. Amma rabo zai yi da shi, bayan duk ordeals cikin da'irar da ya wanderings zama ruwan dare a ƙasarsa ta Ghent, inda ya zauna ga wannan rana.

A zamanin addini wars

Da zarar a 1432, aiki a kan bagaden da aka gama, sai ya ciyar shekara ashirin da takwas da ke cikin zaman lafiya, sa Ubangiji da addini ji na cikin ikilisiya. Amma a 1460, a kananan da kuma mini ne a kwantar da hankula Flanders zama scene na jini fadace-fadace tsakanin Katolika da Furotesta, ya shiga a cikin wani m gwagwarmaya.

Nasara a cikin wannan yaki lashe Furotesta, wanda shi ne na farko tsanani gwajin don bagaden. Gaskiyar ita ce, mabiya Calvin - mabiyin iconoclasts, da kuma kamawa da birni, suka fara mana hallaka Katolika majami'u, ya halaka dukan addini images, ciki har da zane-zane da kuma sculptures. Bagaden ceto kawai cewa shi aka dismantled a lokaci kuma sau da yawa tucked tafi a cikin babban coci hasumiya, inda shi da aka adana har shekara uku.

Lokacin da ƙura zaunar, da kuma halin rushewa kalaman kwanta, marinjãya samu, a karshe, Ghent Altarpiece, kuma ya fita ya ba da shi zuwa ga Sarauniya Elizabeth a godiya ga Birtaniya soja taimako. By tilasta shige da fice relic ceto kawai da cewa magada Jos Veidt mutãne sun kasance m ba kawai daga Katolika amma kuma tsakanin su addini adawar.

Tare da wahala, sun kasance iya hana wannan kamfani. A Ingila da bagaden ba su tafi ba, amma ci gaba da shi a cikin Cathedral na Calvinists Ba a yarda. A sakamakon haka, an cimma aka kai - disassembled cikin raba da wani ɓaɓɓake, shi ne mai tarin zane-zane, ado ma'aikatar magajin gari, wanda shi ne mafi kyau ga wani zaɓi da shi, kamar yadda na tabbatar da aminci.

A 1581 a Ghent sake fara zubar da jini a kan addini filaye, amma wannan lokaci da soja nasara ya canza Furotesta. A bambanci ga Arewa Netherlands, Flanders zama Katolika. Ta hanyar wannan taron Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck ya koma a wurin. Wannan lokaci shi bai dame biyu da ɗari shekaru, duk da haka ba ziyarci Gent tafiya a Turai, da Austria Sarkin sarakuna Joseph II.

cin mutunci farjinta

Wannan arba'in da shekara daya, da kuma ba mutumin da aka mai tsanani huda da kuma munafuki. Ya tufafin da aka outraged view of tsirara Figures na Adamu da Hauwa'u. Domin kada ya ganimar dangantakar da irin wannan high-moralist, sash da immodest images dismantled da kuma ba za a ajiye a cikin Haikalin da magada na da tsohon mai shi.

Af, neman gaba, ya kamata a lura da cewa ko da a cikin wata 'yar karamar nasarar shiryayye mu lokacin, a 1865, akwai daya more zakara na dabi'a a tsakanin manyan jami'an kasar. A ya request baya image na Adamu da Hauwa'u aka maye gurbinsu da sababbi, inda na farko mutum kakanninsa qawata ado a wasu sawwaƙe fãtun, kamar beyar.

A zaman talala na Napoleon

A gaba mishap same Ghent Altarpiece a 1792. An shirya sa'an nan a Napoleon ta sojojin unceremoniously dismantled shi da kuma tsakiyar ɓangare aka aika zuwa Paris, inda suka nuna a LOUVRE. Ganin su, Napoleon yi farin ciki, da nufin samun cikakken sa.

Duk da haka, a lokacin da wannan lokaci da siyasa halin da ake ciki canza, kuma kuskure a} asar waje duk da cewa ya janyo hankalin, ba shi yiwuwa. Sa'an nan, ya gayyace hukumomi na Ghent, a musanya ga m ɓangare na bagaden 'yan zane-zane ta hanyar Rubens, amma aka ki. A da dama yanke shawara, kamar yadda a cikin 1815, bayan faduwar Napoleon, da sata ɓangare na bagaden koma zuwa ga rightful wuri a cikin Cathedral of Saint Bavo.

Zunubi babban coci vicar

Amma wannan shi ne ya tsautsayi bai kare a can. New impetus zuwa gare su da vicar na babban coci. Wannan shi ne a fili a cleric samu matsala ne da takwas umarnin Allah, wanda ya ce: "Kada ka yi sata." Jarabce shi, ya sace wani ɓangare na bangarori da kuma sayar da kayayyakin gargajiya dila Nivenhosu, wanda tare da haraji Sallie resold su zuwa Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III, kazalika ya ba su yi shakka sa sata dukiya a Kaiser Muzeum.

A farkon farko World Jamusawa shiga Belgium, ya yi niyya da search for sauran sassa na bagaden Ghent. Sa'a, da shirya fashi hana Canon na Cathedral of St. Bavo van den Gein. Tare da hudu mataimakansa ya dismantled Ghent Altarpiece kuma sau da yawa tucked tafi a cikin wani hadari mafaka, inda ya kuma kiyaye har 1918. Bayan da yaki, dangane da yanayin da Versailles yarjejeniyar, an mayar da rightful wuri, da kuma waɗanda baya sata daraja, saye da Sarkin Prussia.

irreparable asara

Amma ba ko da yaushe kasada ƙare haka da farin ciki. Wani sata faru a 1934. Sa'an nan ya bace a karkashin m yanayi reshe bagaden tare da image na procession daga sãlihai hukunci. Haka ya faru a kan Afrilu 11, da kuma bayan bakwai da rabi watanni na girmamawa mazaunin Ghent Arsene Kudertir, kwance a kan deathbed, ya shaida cewa shi wanda ya yi sãta, kuma ko da suna da wani wuri zuwa boye sata. Duk da haka, wannan cache ya komai. Nemo asarar da kasa, da kuma rasa wani ɓangare aka zarar maye gurbinsu da wani kwafin sanya ta artist van der Fekenom.

A kan gab da mutuwa

Amma mafi tsanani lokaci na tarihi da alaka da shekaru na yakin duniya na biyu. Belgium fascists so su gabatar da Hitler nagari show. Bayan wasu gani, an yanke shawarar ba wanda fitacciyar, wanda qawata masu birni Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece sake dismantled da kuma dauka da truck zuwa Faransa, inda ya aka sa don wani lokaci a cikin castle na Pau.

Tuni a cikin Satumba 1942, da Jamusanci High umurnin nuna rashin haƙuri kuma bukaci a gaggauta canja zuwa gare su da bagaden. A saboda wannan dalili, sai aka ɗauke shi zuwa Paris, inda a wancan lokaci aka kammala tare da babban tsari na gidan kayan gargajiya dabi'u, aka yi nufi ga kaya zuwa Jamus. Daya daga cikin farfado da aka yi nufi ga Hitler ta gidan kayan gargajiya a Linz, da sauran - ga sirri tarin Goering. Bagaden kuma aka canjawa wuri zuwa Bavaria da kuma sanya shi a cikin Neuschwanstein Castle.

Can ya zauna har zuwa karshen yaki, yayin da a shekarar 1945 da Jamusanci umurnin ya ba ya yi shawara game da jana'izar art taskõkin a cikin watsi da mahakar na Salzburg. A saboda wannan dalili, dora akwakun da ayyukan art, daga gare su, waɗanda suke a cikin abin da akwai Ghent Altarpiece, aka boye zurfi karkashin kasa. Duk da haka, a cikin bazara, lokacin da rushewar ta Uku Reich zama makawa, hedkwatar Rosenberg samu wani tsari, ga halaka su.

A rabo daga daruruwan Masterpieces warware a cikin 'yan mintuna kafin fashewa, a lokacin da, Bayan ya dauki wani m aiki, da nawa Austria kama guerrillas. Saboda su heroism ya tsĩrar da yawa zane-zane ta hanyar haihuwa Masters, tsakanin wanda shi ne brainchild na artist da sunan Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece, ta hanyar mu'ujiza tsere wa mutuwa, aka kawo Munich sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga gida a Ghent. Duk da haka, ta rightful wuri a cikin Cathedral of Saint Bavo, sai ya ɗauki kawai shekara arba'in baya, a shekarar 1986.

City Museum

Yau mun gwada da kananan size na Belgium birnin Ghent tsarkake sunayen biyu mai girma artists - Charles de Coster, wanda ya rubuta m "Zuwa Eulenspiegel" da kuma Yana Van Eyck, wanda Ya halitta Ghent Altarpiece. Description daga cikin mafi girma m darajar a cikin samfurin za a iya samu a duk guidebooks.

Gent, wanda ya har da XVI karni, na biyu mafi girma bayan Paris, Turai birnin, a yau ya rasa ta tsohon muhimmancin. Its yawan ne kawai 240 dubu. Man. Saboda haka Belgians kokarin kula da kwari image na birnin gidan kayan gargajiya, da wakĩli daga cikin shahararrun tsira dukan zamanai da hatsarori da bagaden, kazalika da ayyukan da artists na lokuta daban-daban a kan nuni a City Museum of Fine Arts.